The importance of intellectual property protection to the American research-intensive pharmaceutical industry |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;2. Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India;1. Chemical Modeling Laboratory, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, Saint Petersburg 188663, Russian Federation;2. All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russian Federation;3. Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation;4. Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr., 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation;5. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States;1. Photophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 263002, Uttarakhand, India;2. Institute for Plasma Research, Laser Diagnostics Division, Bhat, Near Indira Bridge, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India;1. Unité de Recherche Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI-EA 3900), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France;2. Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres (ASUC) – Université d’Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France;3. Ecole SITI (Département CASER), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75141 Paris Cedex 03, France;4. Fédération de Recherche Physique et Chimie du Vivant, Université d’Orléans-CNRS, FR 2708, rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France;5. Plate-forme analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France;1. College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China;3. School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;4. Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine Research Centre, Medical College of Qinghai Univercity, Xining, 810001, China |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
The American research-intensive pharmaceutical industry is the world's most successful and competitive and one of the crown jewels of the U.S. industrial base. Among the principal reasons for its success is an unparalleled commitment to research and development, which in turn yields an impressive array of advanced biomedical therapies. Intellectual property protection is a cornerstone of the industry's existence. Like other industries, such as computer software and audio/video recordings, a major portion of the industry's cost of production is incurred in the development stage, rendering unauthorized copying both easy and profitable. The GATT Uruguay Round and the North American Free Trade Agreement have set high standards for pharmaceutical and other industries' intellectual property protection. Unfortunately, there will be delays until numerous countries implement these standards. These delays harm both the industry worldwide and individual countries where patent protection would attract investment and stimulate research and development. |
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