东北地区乡村聚落空间分布特征及影响因素分析

［目的］乡村聚落空间上的差异化，深刻影响着新农村建设工作的开展及进程。截止目前，基于空间角度对整个东北地区乡村聚落空间的研究尚无，为推进东北地区区域新型城镇化建设、统筹城乡发展和乡村聚落的转型，文章对其乡村聚落的空间分布特征及影响因素进行探索分析。［方法］该文采用最邻近距离指数、平均分布密度、核密度估计法，借助GIS101，对2016年东北地区乡村聚落空间分布进行测算与空间可视化表达。［结果］（1）东北地区乡村聚落呈随机分布类型； （2）其下辖的36个地级市乡村聚落分布密度均处于最低等级，且南部高于北部，极化现象非常明显； （3）东北地区乡村聚落在空间规模上表现出由边缘地区向中部逐渐降低的空间分异特征，规模较高的聚落集中在中部地区，包括齐齐哈尔、大庆、绥化、哈尔滨、长春等市； 规模较低的集中在边缘地区，包括大兴安岭、鹤岗、延边、白山、盘锦等市。［结论］地理位置、城镇化率高、人口净流出大是引起东北地区乡村聚落空间分布特征的主要原因，且解决人口净流问题是核心关键所在。

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHESAT CHINA

The differentiation of rural settlement space has profoundly affected the development and progress of new rural construction. As of now, there is no research on the settlement space in the countryside in the entire northeast region based on spatial perspective. This research aims to promote the regional urbanization in northeast China, and coordinate urban and rural development and rural settlements, so it discusses the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements. With the help of GIS10.1, the nearest neighbor distance index, average distribution density and nuclear density estimation method were used to measure and spatially expressed the spatial distribution of rural settlements in 2016 in Northeast China. The results were showed as follows. The rural settlements in Northeast China were randomly distributed. The distribution density of rural settlements in the 36 prefecture level cities under the jurisdiction were all at the lowest level, and the south was higher than the north, and the polarization was very obvious. The spatial distribution of the rural settlements in the Northeast region on the scale of space showed a gradual decrease from the marginal region to the central region. The higher scale settlements were concentrated in the central region, including Qiqihar, Daqing, Suihua, Harbin, and Changchun city; the scale which was relatively low focused on the border areas, including Daxinganling, Hegang, Yanbian, Baishan, and Panjin city. Geographic location, high urbanization rate, and large net outflow of population are the main causes of the spatial distribution of rural settlements in Northeast China, and it is the key to solve the problem of population net flow.