中国的永久移民

中国的户口制度阻碍了农村居民向城市的迁移。然而,农村居民仍能通过接受较好的教育、提干或参军等方式获得城市户口。利用2002年的大样本调查,我们发现永久移民的数量大约为1亿,约占现今城市居民的20%。与留在农村的农民相比,永久移民的经济状况得到了很大的改善。成为永久移民的概率与父母教育水平、汉族身份、父母党员身份等正相关。永久移民的经济状况与获得户口时的年龄有关。较年轻时就获得户口的永久移民的收入要高于城市原住民,较晚获得户口的永久移民的收入则要低于城市原住民。尽管大部分永久移民成功地融入了城市生活,但那些通过非职业途径获得户口的永久移民,却远非如此。

China's Lesser Known Migrants

In China hukou(the household registration system)imposes barriers on permanent migration from rural to urban areas.Using large sample surveys for 2002,we find that permanent migrants number about 100 million persons and constitute approximately 20 percent of all urban residents.Receiving a long education,being a cadre or becoming an officer in the People's Liberation Army are important career paths towards urbanisation and permanent migrants are much better-off than their counterparts left behind in rural China.The probability of becoming a permanent migrant is positively related to parental education,belonging to the ethnic majority and the parent's membership in the Communist Party.At the destination,most permanent migrants are economically well-integrated.They have a higher probability to be working than their urban-born counterparts and those who receive a hukou before age 25 typically earn at least as much as their urban-born counterparts.The exceptions for this are those permanent migrants who receive a hukou after age 25 and people who received their hukou through informal routes.