荒漠化成因与不合理人类活动的经济分析

荒漠化成因是荒漠化研究中最为核心的问题之一,厘清荒漠化成因是有效防治荒漠化的前提。荒漠化演变是自然因素与人为因素共同作用的结果,我国现代荒漠化的发生与发展主要由不合理人类活动造成。文章梳理了已有研究对我国荒漠化成因的解释,从经济学视角对荒漠化中不合理的人类活动给予分析,并进一步探讨了这些不合理活动的产生原因,发现人口压力大是不合理人类活动存在的前提,产权不明晰及相关配套制度缺失是这些不合理活动产生的制度根源。推进荒漠化地区自然资源的产权由国有产权向更有效的产权形式转变,建立与完善生态补偿等配套制度,以及促进人口转移与技术进步,都将有助于减轻甚至消除人类不合理活动与实现荒漠化的有效防治。

ECNOMIC ANALYSIS OF DESERTIFICATION CAUSES AND IRRATIONAL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

It is necessary to clarify the causes of desertification for effectively combating desertification which has become one of most important topics in the field of desertification studies. The evolution of desertification is a result of interactions of natural and human factors. In China, the occurrence and development of modern desertification mainly resulted from irrational human activities. This paper reviewed the literatures of the causes of desertification, defined the concept of irrational human activities from an economic perspective, and discussed the reason of the existence of the irrational human activities. The results showed that the high population pressure was the premise of irrational human activities, and that the shortage of clearly defined property rights and accompanies institutions were the root of irrational human activities. In order to reduce or even eliminate irrational human activities and achieve effective control of desertification, it needed to promote the conversion of property right of natural resources in desertification areas from state property to more efficient property rights, to establish and improve the accompanied institutions of property right (such as ecological compensation), and to promote population transfer and technological progress.