中国摆脱依附式发展与中美贸易冲突根源

中美贸易冲突根源的探寻不应停留在国际贸易层次,而是应该从当下的国际分工结构和国际生产关系中去寻找。作者从马克思主义国际政治经济学角度出发,认为国际分工及其相应的国际生产关系是决定国家在世界舞台上政治经济地位与利益的基础。发展中国家在传统的国际分工结构中长期处于外围、在生产关系上处于依附地位的根本原因在于生产力落后,特别是技术水平落后。20世纪70年代以来,全球生产链作为一种新的国际生产组织方式逐渐形成并发展起来。在这一新的国际分工生产中,发展中国家的依附地位并没有改变,但是具体的依附形式不同于历史上的依附形式,呈现出“技术—市场”依附的特点。在这种新的依附形式下,广大参与全球生产链分工的发展中国家只能从中获得微薄的附加值,进而形成一种依附式发展,而西方发达国家的跨国企业却能够主导全球生产进程并从中获得高额的附加值。中国要实现现代化强国的目标,就需要摆脱依附式发展模式,实现在全球生产链中从中低端向中高端的攀升。近年来中国在发展高新技术产业和提升世界市场地位方面的努力及其获得的相应成就触动了美国作为现有国际分工主导者的既得利益。为了维护其霸权的经济基础,美国不惜发起贸易战以遏制中国的发展有其必然性。中国摆脱依附式发展以及美国相对衰落所导致的国际分工格局现实和潜在的变化正是中美贸易冲突爆发的根源所在。

Dependent Development and Trade Conflict Between China and the U.S.

The fundamental cause of the recent Sino-U.S.trade conflict should not be looked for only from the area of international trade,but from today's structure of international division of labor and international production relations.From the perspective of Marxist international political economy,this article holds that the international division of labor and its corresponding international production relations are the basis for determining the political and economic status and interests of a country in the world.The primary reason for developing countries in the international division of labor to be dependent is the backward productivity of them,especially backward scientific and technological state.Since the 1970s,the global production chain has gradually formed and developed as a new international production organization.In this new international division of labor,dependency of developing countries has not changed,but the specific form of dependence is different from the historical form of dependence,characterized by“technological-market”dependence.Under this new form of dependency,developing countries taking part in global division can only obtain a slender share from the global value chain,and thus develop in a dependent way;by contrast,multinational companies from developed countries that dominate the global production process can obtain the lion's share.To achieve the goal of a strong and modernized country,China needs to achieve a climb from the low-end to the high-end in the global production chain and break through impasse of the dependent development.Because of efforts of recent years,China's technology progress and rising position in the world market have touched the U.S.vested interests as the leader of the existing international division of labor.In order to maintain the economic foundation of its hegemony,it is inevitable for the United States to launch a trade war to curb China's development.It is precisely the actual and potential changes in the international division of labor caused by China's effort to shake off dependent development and the relative decline of the United States that are the fundamental origin of the Sino-U.S.trade conflict.