金融普惠可以提高减贫质量吗?——基于多维贫困的分析

切实提高减贫质量对我国打赢打好脱贫攻坚战和守住脱贫成果至关重要。金融普惠作为当前我国金融改革和脱贫攻坚的重要举措,是否有助于提高减贫质量仍是有待回答的问题。文章基于中国家庭金融调查2015年数据,从多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性两方面出发研究了金融普惠对我国农村减贫质量的影响。研究发现,金融普惠可以同时降低农村家庭多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性,并且对多维贫困问题严重的农村家庭有更大的作用;区分不同贫困和不同金融服务发现,金融普惠可以显著降低收入贫困、教育贫困及生活质量贫困,对健康贫困的影响则不显著;银行营业网点与金融服务点渗透、以及储蓄、贷款、保险及数字金融服务使用可以提高减贫质量,而其他金融机构渗透、信用卡使用及银行服务评价的作用相对有限。进一步地,文章研究了金融普惠减贫质量效应的环境条件,发现村庄市场及制度环境和家庭需求环境改善有助于充分发挥金融普惠的积极作用,相反则可能构成一定的制约。最后,文章检验了金融普惠的影响机制,发现促进农村家庭人力与物质资本积累、以及地区经济发展等在其中发挥了重要的中介作用。文章结论为我国提高减贫质量提供了可靠的政策工具,同时也可促进我国全面建成小康社会和经济实现高质量发展。

Can Financial Inclusion Improve the Quality of Poverty Reduction; Analysis Based on Multidimensional Poverty

The problem of poverty is a prominent shortcoming of China's comprehensive construction of a well-off society, and the current focus of China's poverty problem and poverty alleviation lies in rural areas. If the rural population does not all get rid of poverty, a well-off society will not be fully built. Since launching a decisive fight against poverty in 2015, China has made tremendous achievements in poverty reduction, and the incidence of poverty has dropped significantly, but at the same time, the quality of poverty reduction has gradually attracted widespread attention in society.The quality of poverty reduction is not only related to whether China can solve the problem of poverty reduction for the remaining poor, but also to whether it can hold on to the hard-won poverty reduction achievements. That is to say, only by improving the quality of poverty reduction can we fundamentally solve the problem of poverty. As an important measure for China's current financial reform and poverty alleviation, whether financial inclusion can help improve the quality of poverty reduction remains an open question. Based on the China Household Finance Survey 2015 data, this paper studies the effects of financial inclusion on the quality of rural household poverty reduction from perspectives of multidimensional poverty and multidimensional poverty vulnerability. Different from general economic poverty, which focuses on the concept of money, multidimensional poverty focuses on people's viability, and multidimensional poverty vulnerability measures the possibility of multidimensional poverty in the future from a dynamic perspective. The results show that financial inclusion can simultaneously reduce the multidimensional poverty and multidimensional poverty vulnerability of rural households, and have a greater effect on rural households with serious multidimensional poverty problems. By distinguishing different poverty and different financial services, we find financial inclusion can significantly reduce income poverty, education poverty and quality of life poverty, but not health poverty; in addition, the penetration of banking outlets and financial service outlets, as well as the use of savings, loans, insurance and digital financial services can improve the quality of poverty reduction, while the penetration of other financial institutions, the use of credit cards and the evaluation of banking services have a relatively limited role. Furtherly, this paper studies the environmental conditions of the quality effect of poverty reduction through financial inclusion, and finds that the improvement of the village market system environment and household demand environment can help to fully play the positive role of financial inclusion, but on the contrary, it may constitute certain restrictions. Finally, the paper examines the impact mechanism of financial inclusion, and finds that promoting the accumulation of human and physical capital in rural households, as well as regional economic development, plays an important intermediary role. The conclusion of this paper provides a reliable policy tool for improving the quality of poverty reduction in China, and can also promote the comprehensive building of a well-off society and the realization of high-quality economic development.