企业出口模式与出口产品质量:微观理论与经验证据

文章借鉴Khandelwal et al.（2013）扩展的产品质量异质性模型，构建了一个两国之间产品贸易的一般均衡模型，并推导企业出口模式选择影响产品质量升级的理论框架，再利用2000-2013年中国工业企业和海关数据构建双重差分模型对理论假说进行系统检验。结果发现：（1）直接出口企业对产品质量的提升效应明显高于间接出口企业，"反事实"检验和安慰剂检验的结果依然稳健。（2）通过异质性分析发现，东部地区企业出口的产品质量提升效应显著高于中西部地区企业，而且中西部地区的间接出口抑制出口产品质量提升；民营、外资企业直接出口和间接出口对产品质量提升效应均高于国有企业。（3）进一步研究企业出口模式的动态转换效应发现，企业由间接出口转向直接出口显著提升了出口产品质量，并且生产率较高的企业通过提升出口固定成本效率而加速出口产品质量升级。

Enterprise Export Mode and the Quality of Export Products: Micro Theory and Empirical Evidence

This paper builds a general equilibrium model of product trade between the two countries and derives the theoretical mechanism between the choice of export mode and product quality upgrade by drawing on the product quality heterogeneity model extended by Khandelwal et al. (2013).Then, the difference-in-difference model is used to systematically test the theoretical hypothesis by Chinese industrial enterprises and customs data from 2000 to 2013. The results show that: (1) The effect of direct export enterprises on product quality is obviously higher than that of indirect export enterprises. The results of the "counter-fact" test and the parallel trend test are still robust. (2) It is found that the product quality upgrade effect of enterprises exported from the eastern region is significantly higher than that of enterprises in the central and western regions and the indirect export enterprises in the central and western regions have suppressed the quality of export products through heterogeneity analysis. Simultaneously, the direct and indirect exports of private and foreign-funded enterprises have higher effect on product quality than state-owned enterprises. (3) Further research on the dynamic conversion effect of the enterprise's export model found that the transition from indirect exports to direct exports significantly improved the quality of export products and companies with higher productivity accelerated the quality upgrade of export products by increasing the fixed cost efficiency of exports.