Legal exclusions,private wealth and livelihoods: An analysis of work time allocation in protected areas |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-NCEPU, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China;2. Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China;3. Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada;1. The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA;2. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA;1. Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China;2. Department of Statistics and Finance, The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China;3. Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China;4. School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, PR China;5. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada;1. Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States;2. Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States;3. Department of Environmental Studies, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States |
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| Abstract: | Do exclusionary forest access regimes have an unequal impact on livelihood activities? This paper analyzes primary data on time allocation to livelihood activities by forest communities in the Indian Himalayas to investigate this question. Estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that forest access regimes affect both forest extraction behavior and other livelihood strategies. Residents of sanctuary forests, experiencing higher restrictions on forest use, decrease the proportion of time allocated to forest extraction and livestock activities, but compensate by increasing their time allocation to agriculture in comparison to residents of state-controlled protected forests. However, wealthy residents of the wildlife sanctuary expend a higher proportion of their time in managing livestock and extracting forest resources in comparison to its less affluent residents. Thus wealth enables circumvention of access restrictions despite legalization of exclusion. Findings of this study have implications for design of biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration policies. |
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