企业年金缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的政策仿真研究——工资异质性的视角

引入工资差异对企业职工企业年金缴费意愿的影响，采用仿真方法测量企业年金对企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距的影响。首先，根据我国养老制度安排，构建了企业年金基金、基本养老金、退休金预测模型和养老金差距测量指标；其次，选取工资水平从社平工资的0．5倍～5．0倍的14类代表性职工，模拟了基准情境和提高企业年金税收优惠的四种情境——提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限、降低雇主缴费计入个人账户部分的个人所得税税率、降低领取阶段的个人所得税税率、免征个人缴费的个人所得税，并进行了敏感性分析。仿真结果表明，企业年金及其税收优惠政策能够有效缩小企业与机关事业单位职工养老金差距，提高雇主缴费的企业所得税免税上限的作用最显著。企业年金投资收益率提高、企业年金管理费率降低、余寿减少、社平工资增长率提高和工作年限增加都会放大这种作用，反之亦然。工资越高企业职工从企业年金中获益越大，可能扩大企业职工内部养老金差距。

Simulation of Enterprise Annuity Narrowing Pension Inequality Between Employees in Enterprises and Public Institutions based on Salary Heterogeneity

The paper introduced the effect of salary inequality on employees＇ contribution to enterprise annuity and measured to what extent enterprise annuity narrows pension inequality between employees in enterprises and public, institutions with simulation. First, the paper constructed the forecast model of enterprise annuity fund, public pension and public institutions pension and measurement index of pension inequality. Second, the paper simulated the basic situation and 4 situations of tax preferential treatment： increasing enterprise income tax exemption cap for employers＇ contribution; decreasing personal income tax on employers＇ contribution into personal account; decreasing personal income tax on employees＇ enterprise annuity benefits; exemption on personal contribution, and analyzed sensitivity. The simulation shows that enterprise annuity and the tax preferential treatment will narrow the pension inequality between employees in enterprises and public institutions and increasing enterprise income tax exemption cap for employers＇ contribution makes the most. Enterprise annuity fund investment return increasing, enterprise annuity fund management fee decreasing, social average salary growth rate increasing and working time increasing will enlarge remaining lifetime decreasing, the narrowing effect, and vice versa. High salary employees get more from enterprise annuity, which will widen the pension inequality employees in enterprises.