基于创新主体视角的专利交易差异与区域网络研究

专利交易是创新主体回收研发成本、形成创新良性循环的重要途径。基于创新主体视角深入探讨专利交易差异及区域网络有利于不同创新主体制定差异化专利交易政策，从而加快实现创新引领经济高质量发展。采用统计分析法和社会网络分析法，以2018年中国专利许可与转让数据为研究对象，探讨各类创新主体专利交易差异与专利区域流动网络。研究发现:①不同类型创新主体专利交易特征不同，创新主体类型不同，相关专利特征也不同；②不同类型创新主体对区域经济的影响作用不同，高等院校和科研机构主要对当地经济发展产生积极影响，企业和个人则对多地甚至全国技术发展具有积极影响。因此，不同类型创新主体应整合内外部资源，通过合作研发扩大专利交易范围；政府应建立完善的专利交易评价体系和专利服务体系，推动科技成果转化与应用。研究结论有利于促进不同类型创新主体科技成果转化，为加快创新型国家建设提供参考。

The Differences and Regional Network in Patent Transactions from the Perspective of Innovation subjects

In innovation-driven economic development, the generation and transaction of innovation technologies have great theoretical and practical significance for improving national scientific and technological competitiveness and cultivating new economic momentum. China's 14th Five-Year Plan puts forward to adhere to innovation-driven development and improve the intellectual property protection and utilization system. The key to the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy lies in cultivating and improving the innovation ability of innovation subjects. Patent is the important manifestation of innovation achievements and the patent transactions determine the efficiency of innovation applications. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the patent transactions of innovation subjects the comprehensive understanding of the nature and the development of innovation. Presently, there are four main innovation subjects in China including universities, scientific research institutions, enterprises and individuals. Due to the different organizational types, strategic goals and technical capabilities of different innovation subjects, their patent transactions are also different. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the differences in patent transactions of four types of innovation subjects. Patent license and patent assignment are the major types of traditional patent transactions with different characteristics. The existing studies have focused on either patent license or patent assignment of one type of innovation subjects such as university but there is a lack of comparison and discussion on patent license and assignment of different types of innovation subjects. In this paper, targeted measures can be taken precisely to promote the capabilities of patent management and operation for innovation subjects through summarizing the status quo and problems of patent license and patent assignment of different innovation subjects. Furthermore, theoretical and empirical supports for building an innovative country are provided.#br#Firstly, the background and significance of the study are expounded, and then research questions are put forward by sorting out the deficiencies of extant literature followed by the theoretical basis and methods of the study.Finally, characteristics and differences of patent transactions and regional flow network of different types of innovation subjects are analyzed by statistical analysis and social network analysis based on the data of licensed and assigned patent of universities, scientific research institutions, enterprises and individuals in 2018. This study is carried out using Ucinet and Netdraw.#br#Results show that of different types of innovation subjects have various patent transaction characteristics. Enterprises and individuals are more inclined to patent assignment, while universities and scientific research institutions are more inclined to patent licensing. In addition, technological innovation in universities is mainly reflected in the process and method of basic science. Scientific research institutions and enterprises have strong strength in both innovation modes of process and product in basic science and applied research, while individuals are better at product innovation in applied research. The social network analysis shows that the geographical scope of patent transactions is also different. The technology transactions of universities and scientific research institutions mainly occur in the province driving the local technological progress and economic development. While technology transactions of enterprises and individuals could affect the technological progress of more province, even all over of China. In addition, provinces in the eastern and southeastern regions have a good performance in provincial patent transactions with the higher network density of all innovation subjects than that of other regions. Based on the results, suggestions are provided to different types of innovation subjects, technology demanders, third-party technical service organizations, and policymakers, motivating the national strategy of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”.#br#The novelty of this paper is that it deepens the understanding of the patent transactions of different types of innovation subjects. Results of this study can help to improve the efficiency of patent transactions by reducing the information asymmetry. In addition, for the first time, it revealed the differences in patent transaction of different types of innovation subjects and deepened the understanding of patent licensing and assignment, exploring the advantages and disadvantages of patent transactions of different innovation subjects. Furthermore, this study enriches the technology transfer theory and broadens the perspective of patentometric. It is beneficial for improving the patent transaction for regions according to local conditions and circumstances. Overall,the study not only makes up for the lack of theoretical research on improving the efficiency of patent transactions for different innovation subjects, but also provides new ideas for comprehensively promoting patent transactions.#br#