The first-order approach when the cost of effort is money |
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Authors: | Marie-Cécile Fagart Claude Fluet |
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Institution: | 1. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France;2. Université du Québec à Montréal and CIRPEE, Montréal, Canada;3. Université Panthéon Assas, Paris, France |
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Abstract: | We provide sufficient conditions for the first-order approach in the principal-agent problem when the agent’s utility has the nonseparable form u(y−c(a)) where y is the contractual payoff and c(a) is the money cost of effort. We first consider a decision-maker facing prospects which cost c(a) and with distributions of returns y that depend on a. The decision problem is shown to be concave if the primitive of the cdf of returns is jointly convex in a and y, a condition we call Concavity of the Cumulative Quantile (CCQ) and which is satisfied by many common distributions. Next we apply CCQ to the distribution of outcomes (or their likelihood-ratio transforms) in the principal-agent problem and derive restrictions on the utility function that validate the first-order approach. We also discuss another condition, log-convexity of the distribution, and show that it allows binding limited liability constraints, which CCQ does not. |
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Keywords: | Principal-agent model Contract Moral hazard Pecuniary effort Nonseparable utility Information system |
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