出口集聚、企业相关生产能力与企业出口扩展

目前集聚效应对企业出口行为影响的研究中,集聚多是基于地理距离来刻画。本文试图将产品间的认知距离引入集聚的测度中,研究不同类型集聚对企业出口扩展边际的影响,并进一步讨论企业相关生产能力的异质性作用。本文发现,出口集聚效应和企业相关生产能力分别是企业出口多元化的外源动力和企业条件。具体来说,引入认知距离后,可以更好地区分集聚经济和集聚不经济的来源:同产品集聚和相关产品集聚均有利于促进企业出口扩展;而不相关产品集聚对企业出口扩展的影响则表现为竞争效应。进一步的研究发现,并不是所有企业都能在集聚的过程中“搭便车”,集聚发挥作用的方向和程度因企业储备的相关生产能力而异。在影响机制上,出口集聚效应通过专业劳动力共享和中间投入品共享等供给侧渠道以及目的国市场信息共享和已有出口经验等需求侧渠道来降低企业出口扩展的难度和风险。基于上述实证结果,本文认为地方政府应打造技术关联紧密、上下游产业相互依托、有核心竞争力的空间集聚形态,并创造良好的营商环境,以激发企业创新活力,提升中国对外贸易的核心竞争力。

Exporters’Agglomeration,Enterprise’s Related Production Capacity and Enterprise’s Export Expansion

Existing literature on the effect of agglomeration on enterprises’export behavior focuses on geographical distance.This paper attempts to introduce the cognitive distance between products into the agglomeration economies to study the influence of different types of agglomeration effects on the marginal expansion of enterprises’products,and to further consider the heterogeneous role of enterprise related production capacity in agglomeration effects.The study shows that the exporters’agglomeration and the enterprise’s related production capacity are the external driving force and internal conditions of export diversification respectively.Specifically,the influence of agglomeration economies on enterprises’export behavior is clearer after introducing cognitive distance.The agglomeration of the same products and related products increases the probability of enterprises’export expansion.However,the agglomeration of unrelated products shows a competitive effect.Using cognitive distance to decompose the regional spillover effect can better distinguish the sources of agglomeration economies and agglomeration diseconomies.Further research suggests that not all enterprises can be free-riders.The direction and extent of agglomeration effects vary with the related production capacity of enterprise.In terms of influence mechanism,exporters’agglomeration can reduce the difficulty and risk of enterprise product expansion through supply-side channels such as professional labor sharing and intermediate input sharing,and demand-side channels such as market information sharing and existing export experience.The study suggests that local governments should create a spatial agglomeration pattern with close technological relatedness,mutual support of upstream and downstream industries and core competitiveness to stimulate enterprise innovation vitality and enhance core competitiveness.