减排与增长:服务业如何实现绿色均衡发展?

服务业是中国经济转型和产业结构升级的重要抓手,在资源与环境"双重"约束日益趋紧的背景下,有必要研究服务业绿色发展问题。能否在减排成本最小的前提下提高服务业增长率,走出一条绿色发展路径?为此,文章创新性地将排放权交易市场引入服务业部门,采用方向性距离函数、非线性规划等实证研究方法测算2004-2012年中国服务业14个细分行业的绿色效率和碳排放影子价格。研究表明:中国服务业发展方式并非"绿色",服务业减排成本和碳排放量逐年增长,减排面临巨大的经济压力;在文章设计的排放权交易模型下,服务业细分行业能够形成一个统一的影子价格,从而实现一条绿色发展路径,该路径满足帕累托有效和投入产出技术有效;在均衡路径上,流通服务业应出售排放权,而其他减排成本较高的服务业购买排放权。

Emission Reduction and Economic Growth: How to Achieve a Green Development Path in Chinese Service Industries

Reducing emissions and safeguarding the sustainability of economic and social development have become critical concerns around the word, especially in China-the largest carbon emitter. On the other hand, service industry is the key of China's economic transformation and industrial structure upgradation. How to achieve a win-win situation between emission reduction and economic growth in service industry has become an important research topic. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the green development issue of service industry in China, so as to find an equilibrium growth path which minimizes the loss caused by emission reduction. Based on the related literature, this study introduces an emission trading mechanism into service industry, and develops a model of carbon emission right trading. Specifically, this study adopts the directional distance function, nonlinear programming, input-output analysis, as well as stochastic frontier analysis methods. With these methods, this study estimates the green efficiency and shadow price of carbon emission for 14 service industries of China from 2004 to 2012. In addition, this study empirically and counterfactually analyses the static and dynamic equilibriums. Under the framework of a macro total factor production function, this paper selects relevant theories on environmental production technology as a starting point to explore the allocation of carbon emission. An output-oriented model is initially used to describe the total factor production process.Through theoretical and empirical exploration, the following results are obtained. (i) The abatement cost and emissions of CO₂ increased year by year, so Chinese service industries face enormous emission-reduction pressure and the development of Chinese service industries is not green. (ii) The service industries can achieve a uniform CO₂ shadow price under the carbon emission right trading model designed in this study, implying that the service industries can achieve a green equilibrium path, which is Pareto efficient and technical efficient. (iii) On the equilibrium path, the circulation service industry should sell emission permits, while the other service industries could buy emission permits. (iv) Compared to the past studies, the allocation mode of carbon emission in this study is more efficient and reasonable, but the Chinese government should regulate and subsidy the carbon emission right trading market. The above conclusions can offer some useful policy implications for future emissions reduction in China. To reduce carbon emissions more efficiently, China should focus on both the manufacturing and service industries, and pay more attention to the circulation service industry. The Chinese government should also strive to build inter-regional and inter-industrial cooperative emission-reduction platforms, and encourage enterprises with greater efficiency to offer technological support to those who are lacking to narrow the gap in emission efficiency. Finally, this study offers a theoretical mechanism for carbon emission trading. The government should take measures to implement the mechanism, for examples, supervise the emission trading market, subsidy the enterprises with high efficiency, and impose Pigovian tax upon polluting enterprises.