Equity,efficiency, and labor-market reforms in urban China: the impact of bonus wages on the distribution of earnings |
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| Institution: | 1. International Food Policy Research Centre, 2033 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA;2. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA;1. LUISS School of European Political Economy (SEP), LUISS Guido Carli University, Via di Villa Emiliani 14, 00197, Rome, Italy;2. Rome Tre University, Department of Law, Via Ostiense, 161, 00154, Roma, Italy;3. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l''analisi dell''economia agraria (CRA), Via della Navicella 2-4, I-00184, Rome, Italy;1. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;2. University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom;3. Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom;1. National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R Leopoldo Bulhoes 1480, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil;2. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;3. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;4. Institute of Studies of Public Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av Horacio Macedo S/N, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;5. Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 210140-360, RJ, Brazil;6. Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 455, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;1. Department of Economics and Economics Research Centre, University of Cyprus, Cyprus;2. Economics Research Centre, University of Cyprus, Cyprus;1. Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China;2. Department of Life Science, Yuanpei College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China;3. Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Economic reforms in China have led to a shift in emphasis away from equity towards greater efficiency with a consequent increase in income inequality. In this paper, we focus on the causes of the rising inequality of individual earnings and the link with the reform program by analyzing the components of individual earnings (i.e. standard and bonus wages) separately. Increasing inequality is seen to reflect a rising share and inequality of bonus wages. This, in turn, predominantly reflects the unequal distribution of enterprise profitability combined with labor immobility across enterprises, rather than increasing returns to personal characteristics, such as human capital or gender. Based on these results, we argue that the future evolution of earnings inequality will be determined by the sequence of reforms in, for example, capital and labor markets. |
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