数据生产者权之证成——以数据资源排他权为视角

非个人数据作为一种资源,其价值在于不断地流通。而在现行法律框架内,合同法+侵权法+技术措施为数据生产者架构了一个事实财产权的框架,在实现数据保护的同时加剧了数据锁定之风险,不能为数据流通提供行为预期。而数据赋权的意义在于,承认数据的事实财产权,并进一步将之塑造为实证法上的权利概念,从而为数据流通提供行为预期。数据生产者(包括单个数据生产者和数据集生产者)作为数据流通的发起者,在数据生产过程中投入了大量的人力、财力,因而需要赋之以权利,通过法律上的激励机制实现数据流通。排他权是权利结构的核心,数据资源的排他权并非没有先例可循,商业秘密即可借鉴。对于数据资源排他权的塑造,其维度有二:一是通过合同界定出价值量相对完整的客体,即单个数据抑或数据集(维度广、种类多、数据量大);二是通过行为规范,即从来源合法和使用不违法两个层面构建数据利用行为规范。只是客体特定化需要通过技术手段(如可追溯日志)甚至法院确权程序(如果有的话)来确定。其结果就是,该项权利消弭了对世性,即有限对世,丧失控制即丧失权利。这样的权利设计既迎合数据资源属性,亦符合财产法原理。

Data Producer Rights from the Perspective of Exclusive Right of Data Resources

As a resource,the value of non-personal data lies in its continuous circulation.In the current legal framework,contract law+tort law+technical measures have constructed a framework of factual property rights for data producers.While realizing data protection,it also exacerbates the risk of data lock-in and cannot realize the value of data.Data empowerment aims to recognize the factual property right,establish the concept of right in positive law,and provide data circulation with behavior expectation.As the sponsor of data circulation,data producers(including single data producers and data set producers)spend significant effort and capital in data producing;so,they should be empowered to realize data circulation through legal incentives.The core of right structure is exclusive right;and because there is no precedent for the exclusive right of data resources,commercial secrets can be used for reference.In terms of the shaping of this exclusive right,there are two dimensions such as object and behavioral norms.But the object specificity needs to be determined through technical means(such as logs)or even(if any)through court confirmation procedures.As a result,the right eliminates the worldly nature,that is,limited worldly,and the loss of control means the loss of the right.This right design can not only be suitable to resources nature of data,but also conform to the theory of property law.