工业化的阶段性与工业反哺农业

工业反哺农业并不必然发生在工业化的后期，世界上大多数国家在工业化中期就开始调整工农关系，实行工业反哺农业的政策。依据修正后的霍利斯·钱纳里模型来判断，我国大约在20世纪90年代末进入工业化中期，目前处于从工业化中期向后期的过渡时期；根据工业反哺农业是政府对农业“予大于取”的界定以及“取”“予”的强制性，对工农产品价格剪刀差、农业税和财政农业支出进行比较后发现，我国工业反哺农业起始于工业化中期的21世纪初，最晚不过2004年。先行工业化国家一般是在城市化率接近或超过50%、农业就业比重下降到45%以下时实行工业反哺农业的；而我国是在农业就业比重为46.9%、城市化率为41.76%时开始工业反哺农业的，反映出就业结构转换和城市化的滞后。因此，还应加快建立以城带乡、以工促农的体制、机制，促进新型城乡关系、工农关系的形成。

The Stages of Industry and Industry Nurturing Agriculture

Industry nurturing agriculture does not necessarily occur in the late industrialization, and most countries in the world begin to adjust the relations between industry and agriculture and carry out industry nurturing agriculture policy in the middle of industrialization. According to Chenery H. B Model revised, China goes into the middle stage of industrialization at the end of the 90''s in the 20th Century and now it is the transition period from mid-industrialization to late industrialization. Industry nurturing agriculture means that what government gives to agriculture is more than that it takes from agriculture, and what it takes is mandatory. Comparing price scissors between industrial product and agricultural product, agricultural tax and financial expenditure on agriculture, it is found that industry nurturing agriculture in China occurs in the early 20th Century no later than 2004. Industry nurturing agriculture in precedent industrialized countries begins under the condition that urbanization rate approximates or is more than 50% and agricultural employment proportion drops to less than 45%. However, industry nurturing agriculture in China begins under the situation that agricultural employment proportion is 46.9% and urbanization rate is 41.76%, which reflects the transform of employment structure and the lag of urbanization. Therefore, the system and mechanism of promoting the countryside by cities and agriculture by industry should be established rapidly to form new relations between city and countryside, industry and agriculture.