中国耕作制度的历史演变及当前轮作休耕制度的思考

本文采用文献法和比较法，对中国耕作制度的历史演变进行梳理和总结，探讨当前中国实行耕地轮作休耕制度的现实背景，归纳轮作休耕国家试点和地方试验的做法，分析传统耕作制度对轮作休耕的经验意义，提出完善轮作休耕制度的思路。研究发现：（1）中国主要经历了撂荒耕作、休闲耕作、连作耕作和复种轮作4种耕作制度，形成了精耕细作的土地用养结合模式及相关的一整套技术措施。（2）目前高度集约化的复种轮作制使耕地产能严重透支，耕地总体健康状况堪忧。（3）中国实行轮作休耕可从传统的用地养地模式中汲取经验，但并非简单的复制。（4）实行轮作休耕制度需要综合考虑国内外制度基础和政策环境，需要在区域操作模式、技术路径、时空配置等方面进行完善。

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Cultivation System and Some Thoughts on the Current Land Fallow and Crop Rotation Policy

This article analyses the historical and current situations of Chinese crop rotation and fallow based on documentary and comparison methods, discusses the realistic background of the implementation of land fallow and crop rotation policy, and puts forward some thoughts on constructing the system of crop rotation and fallow. The results are as follows: (1)Chinese cropping system has evolved from systems of long-term rotation and abandonment, short-term rotation and abandonment, fallowing in one year one cropping system and multiple cropping system. (2) At present, the multiple cropping system makes the cultivated land capacity seriously overdrawn, and the health of the cultivated land is worrying. (3) We can learn experience from the traditional fallow rotation mode, however it is not a simple copy. (4) It is necessary to consider the policy environment at home and abroad comprehensively, and improve it in regional operation mode, technical path and spatio-temporal collocation.