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Duration of maternity leave in Germany: A case study of nonparametric hazard models and penalized splines
Authors:Torben Kuhlenkasper  Göran Kauermann
Institution:1. Institute for Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands;3. NETSPAR, The Netherlands;1. London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Social Policy, LSE Health and Social Care, Houghton Street, London, United Kingdom;2. Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States;3. Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard School of Public Health, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, USA;4. Ca'' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Economics, Venezia, Italy;5. Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement, Tilburg, The Netherlands;1. Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;2. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal;3. Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal;4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;5. Institute of Metabolic Science, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom;1. College of Business Administration, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China;2. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK;1. Infectious and Tropical Disease Department, University Hospital Avicenne, AP-HP, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93000, Bobigny, France;2. Bacteriology Laboratory, University Hospital of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 9, France;3. Dermatology Department, University Hospital Avicenne, AP-HP, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 125 route de Stalingrad, 93000, Bobigny, France;4. ATOMycA, Inserm Avenir Team, CRCNA, INSERM U892, 6299 CNRS, University and University Hospital of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 9, France
Abstract:The paper investigates maternity leave behavior in West Germany for females being employed between 1995 and 2006 using data from the German Socio Economic Panel. The observational study focuses on the investigation of individual and family-related covariate effects on the duration of maternity leave following first or second childbirth, respectively. Dynamic duration time models are used in which covariate effects are allowed to vary smoothly with duration of being in maternity leave. The intention of the paper is to demonstrate with state of the art models how effects of covariables change over time and to analyse substantial differences between maternity leaves following first and second childbirth. Particularly the personal income of mothers and the educational attainment influence the decision when to return into employment. The leave period following second birth is influenced by the mothers' attachment to the labour market between their two maternity leave periods. As fitting routine penalized spline smoothing effects is employed using available software in R (http://www.r-project.org).
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