An empirical investigation of the relationship between education and growth in Pakistan

In this paper we try to examine the impact of education on growth in Pakistan for the time period of 1973–2001. Education, measured as gross enrollments and total expenditures, is broken down into primary, secondary and tertiary as well as by gender in each of the above categories. Time series techniques are used to determine whether education, for each category, has a causal impact on growth. The robustness of these results is then examined using the Levine–Renelt (1992) methodology. We find that secondary and higher education has a strong and robust impact on growth, whereas, at the primary level only initial female enrolments show a causal but not robust impact on growth.