大坝建设的决策管理

大坝的生态、社会、文化影响巨大而复杂，有关大坝的功过得失在国际上引起了强烈的争议，本文简要总结了世界大坝的发展现状并进行了展望。分析了国际上大坝支持者与反对者的一些主要论点；提出了应从公平，可恢复性，风险及共识四个方面评价大坝决策方案，并认为从流域或区域的角度进行综合决策，增加透明度与鼓励公众参与，在整个大坝的生命周期中进行定期审计等原则是减轻大坝负面影响的关键。

Decision-making Management of Large Dam Construction

Although large dams are usually considered positive in flood prevention, hydroelectricitygeneration, water supplying, navigation and so on, they may result in ecological, social and culturalproblems, including reservoir inundation, sedimentation, biodiversity loss, involuntary resettlement,cultural relic submergence, etc., thus causing worldwide acute debates over their construction. Bysummarizing the present status and prospecting for the future of dam development, this paper analyzesthe major international arguments concerned and specifies four practical appraisal criteria for large damconstruction decision-making management, i.e., equity, reversibility, risk and consensus. Accordingly,some guidelines to abate the adverse effects of constructing large dams by following the decision-making principles of integrated regional or watershed management, transparency, public participation,regular audit of expenses and receipts of the dam during its whole life cycle, etc. are suggested aswell.