欧洲前现代化时期的家庭与工厂制度的形成

在工业化初期阶段，家庭作为一种工业组织形式与较大规模的其他组织形式相比，转换成本方面的劣势尚不明显，却可以相对节约组织组建和运行过程中的交易成本。欧洲手工业的发展经历了一个“从乡村到城市，再从城市到乡村”的阶段。经过由城市重新回到乡村的家庭工业不仅已经完成了生产与消费的分离，而且发生了生产与销售的分离。受包买商或工场主控制的农村家庭手工业构成了向工厂制度和超家庭的企业组织形式过渡的一个阶梯。随着工业化过程的进一步推进，集中式的组织形式取代分散式家庭组织而占据了主导地位。对于生产组织形式的根本转变这种重大的社会现象是不能完全用任何单一因素解释的。本文集中论述了传统人际关系在劳动力的聚集和资本的聚集过程中的积极作用。

The Formation of Family and Firm System during the Pre Modernization period in Europe

The disadvantages of the type of family as an industrial organization were not apperent at the primary stage of industrialization.The development of European handcraft industry experienced the stage of "from rural area to cities,and from cities to rural area",and the separation of production with consumption and selling were completed.Along with the progress of industrialization,concentrated organizations replaced the decentralized family organizations.The paper makes a thorough discussion on the formation of family and firm system during the pre modernization period in Europe.