土地市场扭曲如何影响制造业出口产品质量升级*——基于土地市场交易数据和制造业企业数据的实证分析

地方政府“以地谋发展”的策略在促进各地区制造业大规模集聚和出口贸易快速增长的同时，也势必会给企业出口产品质量带来深刻影响。本文综合利用中国土地市场网城市土地交易数据、中国工业企业数据、中国海关进出口产品数据和中国城市面板数据，实证检验了土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的影响，并对其内在机制进行了探讨。研究发现：中国城市建设用地配置存在明显的工业偏向性，进而导致工业用地价格被低估，产生工业用地应得收益大于实际价格的反向扭曲问题。这种反向扭曲可通过抑制技术进步、阻碍产业结构高级化、弱化集聚经济效应等机制显著降低制造业企业出口产品质量。土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的影响具有明显的异质性特征。具体而言，土地市场扭曲不利于一般贸易企业与混合贸易企业出口产品质量提升，但对加工贸易企业出口产品质量提升具有促进作用。土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的抑制作用由东到西依次递增。土地市场扭曲不利于外资企业和国有企业出口产品质量提升，对集体企业及民营企业的影响不显著。

HOW DOES THE LAND MARKET DISTORTION AFFECT MANUFACTURING EXPORT PRODUCTS QUALITY UPGRADING——An Empirical Analysis Based on Land Market Transaction Data and Manufacturing Micro enterprise Data

The local governments' strategy of “seeking development by land” not only promotes the large scale agglomeration of manufacturing industry and the rapid growth of export trade in various regions, but also brings a profound impact on the quality of export products of enterprises. This paper comprehensively uses the land data of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China, the data of Chinese Industrial Enterprises, the data of China's Customs Import and Export Products and the panel data of Chinese cities to empirically test the impact of the distortion of land market on the quality upgrading of export products and explore its internal mechanism. The study finds that: overall, China's land factor market generally has a trend of reverse distortion, and this kind of reverse distortion can inhibit firms' export product quality upgrading through mechanisms such as innovation ability, industrial structure upgrading and agglomeration economic effects. The effect of land market distortion on the quality upgrading of export products is obviously heterogeneous. Specifically, the distortion of land market inhibits the quality upgrading of export products of general trade enterprises and mixed trade enterprises, but it has a significant role in improving of the quality of export products of processing trade enterprises. The quality of export products has the strongest inhibitory effect in western region, and the effect in the central and eastern regions decreases in turn. The distortion of land market has inhibited the improvement of the quality of foreign invested and state owned enterprises' exports, and the impacts on collective enterprises and private enterprises are not significant.