从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题:一个综述

在全球化背景下,伴随着国际间的要素流动,环境问题越来越多地被赋予了全球化的内容。本文将环境与增长、环境与贸易、环境与就业、环境与人口迁移等研究文献纳入到一个开放宏观分析框架中,通过文献研究发现,国际分工使"南—北"之间存在了多纬度的"环境不平等":首先,环境与经济增长问题先后经历了三个发展阶段,即罗马俱乐部提出的"增长极限说"、环境库兹涅茨曲线假说、贸易与环境库兹涅茨曲线假说相关性的争论。随着研究的推进,环境与增长问题越来越类似于一枚硬币的两面,难以同时兼得,但是,由于国际分工模式的差异,发展中国家却为发达国家提供了"污染储藏地"。其次,虽然环境规制使企业损失了部分"棕色"就业,但是环境保护同样能够创造"绿色"就业,然而,在国际分工背景下,环境保护是否有利于发展中国家的整体就业还存在着争议。最后,环境恶化已经导致一些国家出现了"环境难民"以及随之而来的人口迁移。到2050年,全世界由气候变化引起的人口迁移很可能达到5千万至7亿。然而,穷国和富国的环境压力和迁移能力却不尽相同,从某种程度上,这也是国际分工产生的间接影响,但是,关于这一问题的研究还十分有限。

Environmental Issues in an Open Economy:A Survey

Under globalization, environmental issues have been increasingly giving a global content with the international mobilization of resources. This paper uses an open macroeconomics framework that integrates environmental factors with economic growth, trade, employment, and population migration. The literature review shows a clear North-South "environmental inequality" under the international division of labor. Firstly, issues of environment and economic growth have experienced three stages that are "The Limit to Growth" theory proposed by Roman Club, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and the debate of EKC. The problem of environmental quality and economic growth seems the two sides of a coin, which cannot be obtained at the same time. However, developing countries become the "pollution haven", because of the international labor division. Secondly, enterprises may lose some "brown employment" for environmental regulations, but environmental protection can also create "green employment". However, there is still argument about whether environmental protection will benefit the employment situation of developing countries. Finally, environmental migration has become significant in some countries due to rapid environmental deterioration. The environmental migration resulted from climate change may reach 50 million to 700 million till 2050. However, the environmental pressure and migration ability are very different between developed and developing countries, but such literatures are so limited.