制度环境与创业认知组态如何驱动不同模式创业

创新创业是推动我国经济转型升级与高质量发展的重要引擎。基于组态视角，整合管制、认知和规范3个制度环境层面前因条件，以及能力感知、机会识别和失败恐惧3个创业认知层面前因条件，以全球创业观察数据库中的51个国家为研究样本，采用模糊集定性比较分析法探讨影响不同创业模式的多重并发条件与因果复杂机制、不同经济体之间的创业模式差异及创业模式演化路径。研究发现：第一，生存型创业驱动机制可划分为制度环境缺失的能力驱动型模式、规范制度主导的机会识别型模式和制度环境缺失的风险承担型模式3种。第二，机会型创业驱动机制可划分为规范制度缺失的创业认知型模式、规范制度引导的机会识别型模式、认知制度支持的创业认知型模式和管制制度保障的能力机会型模式4种。其中，机会识别是驱动机会型创业的关键条件，管制、认知和规范三维制度之间存在替代效应，可以推动高机会识别群体选择机会型创业。第三，要素驱动型经济体以生存型创业为主，部分国家推动机会型创业；效率驱动型经济体同时发展生存型创业和机会型创业，创新驱动型经济体高度重视机会型创业。在此基础上，构建路径选择—模式演化—经济体转型研究框架，为推动生存型创业向机会型创业演化进而向创新驱动型经济体转型升级、助推经济高质量发展提供理论指导和实践启示。

How Does the Configuration of Institutional Environment and Entrepreneurial Cognition Drive Entrepreneurship in Different Models

Innovation and entrepreneurship are important driving forces to promote China's high-quality economic development. Facing the complex and turbulent international environment, especially the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, China must continue to promote "mass entrepreneurship and innovation". Opportunity-driven entrepreneurship has the potential to promote economic development and create new jobs, and it is conducive for transformation from an efficiency-driven economy to an innovation-driven economy. Existing studies mostly focus on the influence of psychological cognition or institutional environment on entrepreneurship, but ignore the concurrent influence of institutional environment and entrepreneurial cognition, as well as the heterogeneity of different entrepreneurial models. Therefore, based on the configuration perspective, this paper studies the concurrent influence of institutional environment and entrepreneurial cognition on different entrepreneurial models, which helps to promote the evolution from necessity-driven entrepreneurship to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and deepen the "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" strategy.#br#Based on the neo-institutional theory and entrepreneurial cognition theory, this paper integrates the antecedent conditions in the institutional environment of regulatory, cognitive and normative level, and the antecedent conditions of the entrepreneurial cognition of capability perception, opportunity identification and fear of failure. Taking 51 countries of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database as research samples, this paper makes the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the multiple concurrent conditions and complex causal mechanisms affecting different entrepreneurial models, the differences of entrepreneurial models among different economies and the evolution paths of entrepreneurial models. #br#The results show that the driving mechanism of necessity-driven entrepreneurship can be divided into 3 categories, including the capability-driven type with lack of institutional environment, the opportunity-identification type led by normative institution and the risk-taking type with lack of institutional environment. The driving mechanism of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship can be divided into 4 categories, including the entrepreneurial cognition type with lack of normative institution, the opportunity-identification type guided by normative institution, the entrepreneurial cognition type supported by cognitive institution and the capability-opportunity type guaranteed by regulatory institution. Opportunity identification is the key condition to drive opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. There are substitution effects among regulatory, cognitive and normative institutions, which can promote people with high opportunity identification to engage in opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Factor-driven economies are mainly necessity-driven entrepreneurship, and some of them promote opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Efficiency-driven economies develop both necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, while innovation-driven economies attach great importance to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. On this basis, the framework of “path selection—model evolution—economy transformation” is constructed to promote the evolution from necessity-driven entrepreneurship to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and the transformation into innovation-driven economies.#br#This paper makes theoretical contributions as follows. Firstly, this paper integrates the neo-institutional theory and entrepreneurial cognition theory to explore the multiple concurrent conditions and complex causal mechanisms affecting different entrepreneurial models from a configuration perspective,and highlights the integration, relevance and systematization of the driving conditions of entrepreneurial model. Secondly, based on a sample of 51 countries from the GEM database, the study improves the reliability and generality of the findings with broader scope, and enhance our understandings of global opportunity-driven and necessity-driven entrepreneurship. Finally, the paper constructs the framework of “path selection—model evolution—economy transformation” to provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the evolution from necessity-driven entrepreneurship to opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and economic transformation and upgrading. It is suggested for individuals, they should improve opportunity identification, capability perception and reduce fear of failure to exert the synergistic and complementary effects of entrepreneurial cognition, thereby promoting opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. The policymakers should emphasize the linkage between opportunity identification and institutional environment, the substitution effects among between institutional environment and continuously improve the institutional environment so as to promote people with high opportunity identification to pursue opportunity-driven entrepreneurship.#br#