美国顶尖大学学术不端行为处理机制研究——以美国四所顶尖大学为例

学术不端行为处理机制是美国顶尖大学尊重学术创新、捍卫学术诚信的重要保障。通过对美国四所顶尖大学处理学术不端行为政策和实践的分析，发现美国顶尖大学学术不端行为处理机制由处理依据、处理主体、处理程序和监督救济构成，在制度保障、组织支持、过程保障和理念引领方面具有以下特征：提供制度规章，确保有章可循；职责分工明确，兼顾专业性和自主性；注重程序规范，保障审理及时严密；坚持以人为本，注重教育为主、惩罚为辅。美国顶尖大学学术不端行为处理机制对我国高校完善学术诚信体系建设具有重要借鉴价值。

The Mechanism of Dealing with Academic Misconduct in American Top Universities Based on Four American Research Universities

Academic misconduct is on the rise, and since 2009, the Ministry of Education has successively issued policies to curb this phenomena. Various signs show that it is imperative to improve the academic integrity system of colleges and universities in the new era. The current research on academic misconduct in universities mainly includes five aspects: the concept and definition of academic misconduct; the main classification and performance of academic misconduct; the inducement of academic misconduct; the negative impact of academic misconduct ; the preventive measures for academic misconduct. There are three main deficiencies in the existing research: first, the current academic circles have not reached a consensus on the definition of academic misconduct, which makes it impossible to determine the nature of academic misconduct; then there is a lack of discussion on the deep-seated reasons such as system, spirit, and culture; third, the research on the handling mechanism of academic misconduct is focused on the moral level of criticism, and the specific means and methods have not been systematically expounded. The top universities in the United States have paid attention to academic misconduct earlier, and have formed a more systematic and scientific response mechanism for academic misconduct.#br#Therefore this study selects two private universities in the United States based on the 2020-2021 QS World University Rankings. The universities are among the top in the world and two public universities known as "Public Ivy Leagues": Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and UC Berkeley. By using the comparative research method to analyze the academic norms, policies and practices of these four universities, this study aimsto contribute international experience to the improvement of the construction of the academic integrity system in Chinese universities. This study uses comparative research method to investigate the academic misconduct of the top universities in the United States from the dimensions of the basis, subject, processing procedures, supervision and remedy of academic misconduct. It conducts a comparative analysis of behavior processing, and summarizes the characteristics of the academic misconduct processing mechanism of top universities in the United States and the experience that can be used for reference.#br#By analyzing the policies and practices of four top universities in the United States to deal with academic misconduct, this study draws the following conclusions. (1) The mechanism for handling academic misconduct in the top universities in the United States is composed of processing basis, processing subject, processing procedure and supervisory remedies. (2) The organizational support, process guarantee and concept guidance are designed and expected to provide clear and comprehensive rules and regulations; the division of responsibilities is clearly set with both consideration of professionalism and autonomy; the procedural norms are highlighted to ensure timely and rigorous trials; people-orientedness is emphasized with education as the primacy and punishment as the supplement.#br#Unlike previous research on academic misconduct in top universities in the United States with a general focus on an individual case, this study makes a macro comparison and summarizes the general experience of the governance mechanism of academic misconduct in top universities in the United States and common features. Meanwhile there are still deficiencies and limitations in this study. On the one hand, this study focuses on the academic misconduct handling mechanism within the top universities in the United States, leaving the role of the government and society (such as academic groups) in the handling mechanism of academic misconduct untouched, butit plays an irreplaceable role in the handling of academic misconduct. On the other hand, the object of the study is two top private universities and two top public universities, and it studies the commonalities of the mechanisms of academic misconduct in private top universities and public top universities, but less about their differences. The research limitations of the above two aspects need to be further supplemented and improved in the future.#br#