政府补贴、行业竞争与企业出口技术复杂度

政府补贴作为经济发展的"有形之手",在我国出口技术结构升级中扮演何种角色呢?其内在影响机制又是如何呢?文章基于中国工业企业数据和中国海关统计数据库,利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)和倍差法考察了政府补贴和行业竞争对企业出口技术复杂度的影响效应及渠道.研究表明:政府补贴抑制了企业出口技术复杂度的提升,而行业竞争促进了企业出口技术复杂度的提升;不同竞争程度的企业样本中,政府对低竞争行业的企业出口技术复杂度的抑制效应显著高于中高竞争行业,这说明行业竞争度的提高有利于纠正政府补贴对出口技术复杂度的抑制效应.进一步的影响机制分析表明:政府补贴促进出口技术结构升级的渠道为研发激励效应,且这种激励效应只在中高竞争行业样本中是显著存在的;从成本渠道考察发现,政府补贴有利于企业出口价格指数的降低,从而对出口技术复杂度的提升产生显著的成本扭曲效应.文章的结论意味着,不能一味地对企业进行补贴,而应该构建有效的激励机制与成本倒逼机制,让企业通过内生动力而非价格竞争形成企业出口技术复杂度的升级.

Government Subsidies,Industrial Competition and Enterprises' Export Technology Complexity

Since the twenty-first century,China's export trade has become significant changes in the ex-port technology structure while realizing the scale growth. Scholars mostly explain this phenomenon from the perspectives of internal factors such as human capital,factor endowments,and technology development,but few explanations are made from the perspectives of the two external factors of 'government's hands' and 'mar-ket hands'. Therefore,this paper examines the impact of Chinese 'government subsidies' and 'market competi-tion' on enterprises' export technology complexity and its internal mechanism from the micro perspective,so as to provide theoretical reference for current market reform and the upgrading of trade structure. This paper has research ideas and methods as follows:firstly,it constructs the theoretical model of enterprises' export technology complexity based on the Hausman(2005),and puts forward related theoretical hypotheses;secondly,it examines the effect of China's government subsidies and industry competition on enterprises' ex-port technology complexity by propensity score matching(PSM)and difference-in-difference method;finally, it further examines the internal mechanism about how government subsidies and industry competition affect enterprises' export technology complexity from the perspectives of R&D and cost channels. This paper arrives at the following conclusions:firstly,government subsidies suppress the promotion of enterprises' export tech-nology complexity,while industry competition promotes the enterprises' export technology complexity;secondly,the negative effect of government subsidies on enterprises' export technology complexity is more significant in the middle-and-high-degree competition industries than that in the low-degree competition indus-tries,and the increase in industrial competition is beneficial to the correction of negative effect of government subsidies on enterprises' export technology complexity;thirdly,further observation of affecting mechanism shows that R&D incentive effect of government subsidies is significant in the middle-and-high-degree compet-ition industries,namely government subsidies increase enterprises' R&D investment and then promote enter-prises' export technology complexity,but R&D incentive effect is insignificant in the low-degree competition industries. From a perspective of cost channel,government subsidies reduce enterprises' export price index significantly,thereby having significant distortion effect on the promotion of export technology complexity, that is,government subsidies play a role in a reduction in enterprises' export price index,and then lead to en-terprises' extensive growth and endogenous dynamic loss in export technical structure. The marginal contribu-tions of this paper are as follows:firstly,this paper breaks the black box of how government subsidies and in-dustry competition affect enterprises' export technology complexity,and digs into the relationship between the three at the level of mechanism,providing a new idea for the upgrading of China's export technology;secondly,this paper uses enterprises' micro data,and most literature estimates the export technology complex-ity at industrial and regional levels,which ignores enterprise heterogeneity;thirdly,this paper uses propensity score matching(PSM)and difference-in-difference method to make an empirical analysis;as a policy variable, government subsidies may not be a random event;if we continue to adopt OLS,our conclusions would have serious endogeneity;so our research method overcomes the endogenous problem to some extent. In general, the conclusions are good for us to understand the policy implications of current governmental cuts in export subsidies,and also provide theoretical reference for how to use the government's hands and market hands to improve export technology structure.