多维贫困的空间集聚与金融减贫的空间溢出—来自中国的经验证据

文章利用中国30个省份1999?2014年的省际面板数据,结合空间计量模型探讨了农村贫困的空间集聚效应和金融减贫的空间溢出效应.研究发现,不管是采用地理距离权重、经济距离权重还是嵌套权重,农民收入贫困、教育贫困和医疗贫困均呈现出显著的空间正向关联,意味着贫困分布呈现典型的"穷-穷"集聚特征,这一分布特征实际上从贫困角度验证了中国区域发展的不平衡.对收入贫困和教育贫困,农村金融发展不仅具有直接的减贫作用,还通过空间溢出效应对邻近省份发挥间接减贫作用,且这种溢出效应带来的减贫效果比直接效应更为显著.对医疗贫困等公共服务上的贫困,其改善主要依赖于政府财政支出和当地经济水平的发展.文章的研究结论有助于政府从多维视角重新审视农民面临的贫困问题,为"十三五"实施全面脱贫拓宽了视野.

Spatial Agglomeration Effect of Multidimensional Poverty and Spatial Spillover Effect of Financial Development on Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from China

Since the reform and opening-up,China has formulated a series of poverty reduction policies,has successfully solved the problem of food and clothing for hundreds of millions of rural poor people,and has become the country with the most poverty reduction population in the world. Among many poverty reduction policies,financial development has been playing an important role. Much literature has proved that the poverty reduction effect of financial development comes not only from its direct role in the re-distribution of capital but also from the indirect role resulting from the promotion of economic growth and the adjustment to income distribution. However,we find that when discussing how to better play the role of finan-cial development in poverty reduction,the existing researches generally ignore the analysis of the characterist-ics of poverty itself,especially its spatial distribution characteristics. Due to the typical regional imbalance characteristics of China's economic development,the exploration of spatial characteristics of poverty helps to not only deepen the understanding of poverty,but also better play the role of financial development in poverty reduction. Based on the above consideration,this paper focuses on analyzing multidimensional characteristics of rural poverty and its spatial distribution characteristics,and explores the spatial effect of financial poverty reduction. Using provincial panel data from 1999 to 2014 and spatial econometric model,and with the setting of three weight matrices of geographic distance weight,economic distance weight and nested weight,this pa-per analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of income poverty,education poverty and medical poverty, and then examines the spatial effect of financial poverty reduction. It shows that no matter which weight mat-rix is adopted,income poverty,education poverty and medical poverty show significant spatial positive correl-ation,meaning that poverty distribution has a typical 'poor-poor' agglomeration characteristic. This feature ac-tually reveals the imbalance of China's regional development from a perspective of multidimensional poverty. Further studies find that financial poverty reduction shows a significant spatial spillover effect. But as for the poverty of public services like medical poverty,its improvement mainly depends on governmental fiscal ex-penditure and local economic development level. Compared with the previous research,the possible contributions of this paper are as follows:firstly,this paper explores the spatial distribution characteristics of poverty from a perspective of multidimensional poverty and provides empirical evidence for the pooled characteristics of poverty. Secondly,based on the dis-tribution characteristics of poverty,we use the spatial econometric model to find that financial development can effectively alleviate the spatial agglomeration effect of poverty. This empirical result shows that the exist-ing literature may underestimate the financial role in poverty reduction.