中国生猪产业国际竞争力评价研究基于贸易与产业发展视角的比较分析

目的 中国是世界上最大的生猪生产国和消费国，科学评价中国生猪产业国际竞争力水平，对于提高生猪产业国际竞争力水平，促进生猪产业可持续发展，具有重要的理论和现实意义。方法 文章基于产业发展视角构建了包含资源禀赋竞争力、生产竞争力、消费竞争力和贸易竞争力4个一级指标及13个相关二级指标的生猪产业国际综合竞争力评价指标体系，利用1995—2018年生猪产业相关数据，对中国、美国、德国、巴西、西班牙、俄罗斯等生产、消费和贸易大国生猪产业国际综合竞争力进行评价，并与传统的基于贸易视角的竞争力评价结果进行对比分析。结果 研究发现，基于贸易视角与产业发展视角的测算结果存在一定差距。基于贸易视角的测算结果显示，中国生猪产业缺乏竞争力，且竞争力仍在持续减弱。基于产业发展视角的测算结果显示，中国生猪产业具有一定竞争优势。其中，中国猪肉消费竞争力极强，显著拉升了中国生猪产业国际综合竞争力水平；生产竞争力和资源禀赋竞争力也具有一定优势；贸易竞争力处于劣势地位，明显拉低了中国生猪产业国际综合竞争力水平。结论 建议中国生猪产业充分发挥巨大的内需优势，提升生猪产业国际竞争水平，实现生猪产业高质量发展。进一步提高中国生猪种业创新能力，保障优良种猪供给；提高生猪生产技术效率与经济效率，提升生猪养殖场组织化、标准化、规模化水平；稳定生猪生产饲料供给；建立生猪产业风险防范机制。

RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF CHINA'S HOG INDUSTRYCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

China is the largest producer and consumer of pork in the world. Scientific evaluation of the international competitiveness of China''s hog industry has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the international competitiveness and promoting the sustainable development. Based on the perspective of industrial development, this study constructed an evaluation index system of international comprehensive competitiveness of hog industry, including 4 primary indicators of resource endowment competitiveness, production competitiveness, consumption competitiveness and trade competitiveness, and 13 related secondary indicators. Using the data of hog industry from 1995 to 2018, it evaluated the international comprehensive competitiveness of hog industry in China and some other major production, consumption or trade countries including the United States, Germany, Brazil, Spain, Russia, and conducted comparative analysis with the traditional competitiveness evaluation results based on trade perspective. It was found that there was a certain difference between the calculation results based on the traditional trade perspective and the industrial development perspective. The calculation results based on the trade perspective showed that China''s hog industry was lack of competitiveness, and the competitiveness was still weakening, while the calculation results based on the perspective of industrial development showed that China''s hog industry had competitive advantages. And China''s pork consumption competitiveness was very strong, which had significantly raised the international comprehensive competitiveness level of China''s hog industry, and China''s hog production competitiveness and resource endowment competitiveness also had certain advantages. While the competitiveness of China''s pork trade was in a disadvantageous position, which had significantly lowered the level of international comprehensive competitiveness of China''s hog industry. So, China''s hog industry should also improve the innovation ability of hog breeding industry, improve the technical and economic efficiency of production; promote the organization, standardization and scale of pig farms, stabilize the feed supply and establish a risk prevention mechanism.