水肥一体化技术的环境效应与经济效应分析——基于山东省苹果种植户的调研数据

目的 绿色农业技术的环境与经济收益核算，对于推进技术应用、解决农业面源污染问题和实现生态文明建设具有重要的参考价值。究竟绿色农业技术有没有顺利实现农户的经济目标与社会的环境目标？现有研究诸多争议与困惑。方法 文章以水肥一体化技术为例，基于山东省649份苹果种植户的实地调查数据，借助内生转换模型，从微观层面探讨了水肥一体化技术的环境效应和经济效应。结果 （1）总体来看，农户采纳水肥一体化技术实现了节肥增收的目的。（2）采纳水肥一体化技术后，样本农户能够节约化肥施用量11.79%~20.98%，提高农产品收入8.15%~9.07%。（3）不同规模农户采纳水肥一体化技术的节肥增收效应存在显著差异。对于采纳水肥一体化技术的规模户而言，其化肥减量作用强度明显高于小规模农户。与此同时，采纳水肥一体化技术只对规模户有明显的农产品增收作用。结论 注重完善市场流通机制下农产品质量监督体系，使绿色农产品能够获得质量溢价的收益。同时创建有利于水肥一体化技术推广应用的土地规模条件，获得规模化带来的节肥增收效应。推动外部性内部化补偿制度实施，政府对具有正外部性行为的农户给予补偿。

ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION TECHNOLOGYBASED ON SURVEY DATA OF APPLE GROWERS IN SHANDONG PROVINCE

The accounting of environmental and economic benefits of green agricultural technology has important reference value for advancing technology application, solving agricultural non-point source pollution problems and realizing ecological civilization construction. Has the green agricultural technology successfully achieved the economic goals of the farmers and the environmental goals of the society? There are many controversies and confusions in existing research. Based on the field survey data of 649 apple growers in Shandong province and taking irrigation and fertilization technology as an example, this research discussed the environmental and economic effects of irrigation and fertilization technology at a micro level with the help of an endogenous conversion model. The study found that: (1) Generally speaking, farmers had adopted irrigation and fertilization technology to achieve the goal of saving fertilizer and increasing income. (2) After adopting irrigation and fertilization technology, the sample farmers could save 11.79%~20.98% of fertilizer application and increase agricultural product income by 8.15%~9.07%. (3) There were significant differences in the fertilizer-saving and income-increasing effects of irrigation and fertilization technology adopted by farmers of different scales. For large-scale households adopting the integrated water and fertilizer technology, the intensity of chemical fertilizer reduction was significantly higher than that of small-scale farmers. At the same time, the adoption of water and fertilizer integration technology only had a significant effect on increasing the income of agricultural products for large-scale households. Therefore, it is recommended to focus on improving the agricultural product quality supervision system under the market circulation mechanism, so that green agricultural products can obtain quality premium benefits. At the same time, the land scale conditions that are conducive to the promotion and application of water and fertilizer integration technology should be created, and the effect of saving fertilizer and increasing income brought by scale would be obtained, and promoting the implementation of the internalized compensation system for externalities, the government should compensate farmers with positive external behaviors.