中国草原管理的发展过程与趋势

目的]在回顾中国草原管理发展历程的基础上,分析其状态及存在的问题,基于最新研究进展,探索和预测未来中国草原管理的发展趋势,为加强中国草原管理理论、方法和实践提供依据。方法]运用文献资料分析法。结果]中国草原管理已经历了游牧时期、粗放型管理时期、草畜平衡刚性管理时期。游牧时期,人—草—畜三者关系基本上处于一种自然动态平衡的状态之下;粗放型管理时期,人对畜的需求持续增加致使草—畜关系长期处于一种失衡状态,进而导致草原的大面积退化;草畜平衡刚性管理时期,相应的政策和管理计划方案陆续出台使得草—畜关系失衡状态得到了一定缓解,但仍然没彻底解决人—草—畜三者的矛盾关系问题。结论]草畜平衡弹性精准管理是当前中国草原管理的主要发展方向,其能够更好地应对草地生态系统时间与空间异质性,确保草地生态系统的良性循环,兼顾市场动态以及政府和牧民需求,实现高效的草地生产力输出。草地生态系统管理以全面实现草地生态系统服务功能为目的是中国草原管理发展的最优选择。

THE PROCESS AND FUTURE TREND OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

Through the literature analysis, this research reviews the development process of grassland management, analyses its current situation and existing problems, predicts the development trend of grassland management in the future, and provides references for strengthening research on the theories and methods and practice of grassland management in China. The results showed that the grassland management in China had gone through nomadic period, extensive management period and the rigid grassland livestock balance management period. In the nomadic period, the relationship among human, grassland and livestock was mainly in a state of natural dynamic equilibrium; in the extensive management period, the relationship between grassland and livestock was imbalance over a long time due to the increasing of demand for livestock, which caused large scale degradation of grassland; in the rigid grassland livestock balance management period, relevant policies and plans had been introduced to alleviate the imbalance between grassland and livestock, but the contradiction among human, grassland and livestock had not been solved thoroughly. Therefore, the resilient and precise grassland livestock balance management could be the current direction of grassland management in China, which effectively meet the problem of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of grassland productivity to ensure the benign cycle of grassland ecosystem and implement efficient output of grassland productivity by taking account of market dynamics, government policies and herdsmen demand. The grassland ecosystem management is the optimal choice of grassland management development in China, which would comprehensively achieve the value of grassland ecosystem services.