美洲原产作物的引种栽培及其对中国农业生产结构的影响

美洲作物之引种中国大多发生在明清时期，其中既有玉米、番薯、马铃薯这样重要的粮食作物，也有花生、向日葵一类油料作物；既有番茄、辣椒、菜豆、番石榴、番荔枝等蔬菜果树，也有烟草、陆地棉这样的嗜好作物和衣被原料，总数接近30种。虽然它们传入时有先后、途径不一，但在不长的时间中获得了相当快的发展，不少在今天的作物构成中占据举足轻重的地位。究其原因，与明清以来人口激增导致的人地矛盾加剧及市场经济的发展有着密切的关系。美洲作物的传播与发展不仅满足了日益增长的人口的生存需求，适应了人们对营养和享受多方面的需要，对充分用地和养地，提高农业生产效率也发挥了积极的促进作用。

Introduction of the American-originated Crops and Its Influence on the Chinese Agricultural Production Structure

It is widely agreed that the American-originated crops were introduced into China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, among which there are not only grain crops like maize, sweet potato and potato; oil crops like peanut and sunflower; but also vegetables and fruits like tomato, capsicum; hobby crop like tobacco; and the crop for textile use like upland cotton, exceeding 20 in total. Though they were brought into China from different routes and at different time, they were fast expanded and have occupied an important position in Chinese agricultural production. The reason for such a rapid development might be due to the dramatic increase of the population and the booming of market economy during this period. The development of the American crops not only helped meet the demand of the increasing population, but also gave a lot of help to raise the agricultural productivity by a more reasonable use of the land.