黄河源区矿山开发生态受损识别诊断

研究目的：基于遥感技术识别诊断黄河源区矿山开发造成生态环境问题以及生态系统结构和功能受损状况，以期为黄河源区生态环境保护提供科学依据。研究方法：高分辨率遥感解译、实地调研、空间统计分析。研究结果：（1）矿山露天开采，尤其是煤矿、建筑用砂采场以及煤矸石堆放是造成黄河源区重要生态系统结构和功能受损的主要驱动因素。源区范围内60.40%的历史遗留废弃矿山持续威胁黄河源区生态安全。（2）矿业开发主要造成黄河源区高寒草地生态系统受损，受损面积占比51.59%，严重威胁源区水源涵养及生物多样性保护功能。（3）矿业不合理开发造成黄河干支流两岸10 km范围、三江源国家级自然保护区、三江源草原草甸湿地生态功能区、祁连山冰川与水源涵养重要生态功能区等生态敏感区域水源涵养及生物多样性保护生态功能受损，生态廊道效应减弱。研究结论：在查明黄河源区矿业开发现状特征基础上，识别诊断矿业开发造成源区生态受损和退化状况是维护黄河源区生态安全，促进黄河流域高质量发展的关键基础。

Identification and Diagnosis of Ecosystem Damaged by Mining Development in the Source Area of the Yellow River

The purposes of this paper are to find out the current status of destroyed land by mines in the source area of the Yellow River by using remote sensing technology, and to analyze the ecological environment problems and the damage to the structure and function of the ecosystem caused by mining development, providing a scientific basis for ecological protection in the source area of the Yellow River Basin. The methods of this paper include interpretation by high resolution remote sensing, field research and spatial statistical analysis. The results show that open-pit mines, especially coal mines, construction sand stopes and coal gangue stacking are the main factors that cause damage to the structure and function of ecosystem in the source area. And still 60.40% of the historical abandoned mines in the source area continued to threaten the ecological security of the source area of the Yellow River. Mining development mainly caused alpine grassland ecosystem damaged, accounted for 51.59% of the total area of destroyed land by mining, which caused serious damage to important ecological functions of water conservation and biodiversity protection in the source area of the Yellow River. The unreasonable development of mining has caused damage to ecological functions in ecologically sensitive areas such as the 10 km range on both sides of the main and tributaries of the Yellow River, the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, the Sanjiangyuan grassland meadow wetland ecological function area, and the Qilian Mountains glaciers and important water conservation ecological function areas, and weakened the ecological corridor effect. In conclusion, based on the status-quo and characteristics of mining development in the source area of the Yellow River, identifying and diagnosing the ecological damage caused by mining development is an important basis for maintaining the ecological security of the source area of the Yellow River and promoting the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.