构建森林生态资源产权交易机制的理论探索

森林生态资源的公共物品属性引发了森林生态生产和消费过程中的正、负外部性,进而导致森林生态供需失衡。通过构建产权交易机制可以消除由于外部性而引发的森林生态资源供需失衡问题。森林生态资源利益相关主体包括森林经营者、厂商和居民,将享受良好生态环境的权利赋予居民,由企业承担环境治理费用,将森林生态资源的收益权赋予森林经营者,采用污染者付费模式,借助产品市场所构建的森林生态资源交易模型,能够在交易成本最低的前提下实现森林生态资源供需均衡。森林生态产权交易成本包括创建成本和运行成本两部分,当森林生态资源产权交易的运行成本小于政府行政管理成本时,产权交易市场才被认为是有效的。对于任何一项森林生态资源来讲,在稀缺性、竞争性和排他性3种经济属性上表现出相应的适应性,是建立该项森林生态资源产权交易市场的前提。现阶段只有森林景观和碳汇两类森林生态资源的经济属性符合私有化产权交易的基本条件。

Theoretical Exploration on Constructing Property Rights Trading Mechanism of Forest Ecological Resources

⑴Background——With the contradiction between supply and demand of forest ecological resources,the property rights system is used to solve that problem.However,some PES projects produced a series of problems.What are the criteria for judging the effectiveness of forest ecological resources property rights transactions?What kind of forest ecological resources is suitable for establishing property rights trading mechanisms?⑵Methods——The impact of property rights system on the externality of forest ecology and the initial definition of forest ecological resources property rights are demonstrated in this paper.And a forest ecological resources property transaction model is built.The restriction of transaction cost and application scope of the forest ecological resources property rights trading mechanism are analyzed.⑶Results——According to the theory of property rights,the absence of property right system is the fundamental reason for the externality of forest ecological resources.The imbalance between supply and demand caused by the externality of forest ecological resources can be eliminated by establishing property right trading mechanism.A reasonable definition of initial property rights is very important for forest ecological resources.There are three stakeholders in the forest ecological property market including forest managers,manufacturers and residents.If residents are given the right to enjoy a good ecological environment,enterprises bear the cost of environmental governance,forest managers are given the right of forest ecological benefits,and the polluter pays the forest managers to buy forest ecological services,with traditional product market,a dynamic balance of supply and demand of forest ecological resources can be achieved,and the transaction cost is the lowest.The property rights trading mechanism of forest ecological resources is a substitute for the forest ecological compensation model of financial subsidy.Only when the operating cost of property rights trading is less than the government administrative management cost,the property rights trading market can be considered effective.The scarcity of local forest ecological resources is the prerequisite for establishing regional forest ecological resources property rights trading market.According to the demand and utilization of forest ecological resources in human society,forest ecological resources are divided into three types:Competitive forest ecological resources,which are clearly allocated to individuals in units of quantity;non-competitive club resources,which are open to qualified individual consumers in an overall way;and non-competitive forest ecological resources,which can only be allocated at some quantity units to the whole.The exclusivity of forest ecological resources is dynamic.Scientific60 and technological progress provides people with effective methods of measuring the supply and consumption of forest ecological resources.On this basis,rational system design helps forest ecological resources achieve exclusivity in consumption and income.⑷Conclusions and Discussions——For these forest ecological services such as water conservation,biodiversity,soil conservation and air purification,it s difficult to achieve exclusivity in the beneficiary because their benefit individual can t be identified clearly,so it is not suitable to allocate resources by establishing property rights trading mechanism.Such resources are more suitable for the government as a third-party representative of the beneficiary group,adopting the government payment model.At present,only the economic attributes of forest landscape and carbon sink are in line with the basic conditions of privatization property rights trading.