基于平等主义文化的瑞典养老服务体系的形成及其对中国的启示

瑞典作为斯堪的纳维亚福利体系的代表国家之一,其养老服务体系被打上了平等主义文化的烙印。瑞典平等主义文化的形成得益于土地改革、贸易联盟和积极的劳动力市场政策等一系列事件。受到平等主义文化的影响,瑞典养老服务体系的演进分为四个阶段:1918年以前,瑞典以家庭养老服务为主,政府只为贫困老年人提供养老服务;1918—1949年,以老年之家为代表的机构养老服务为主,覆盖全体老年人;1950—1989年,居家养老服务成为瑞典最主要的养老服务方式;1990年至今,“消费者选择”提升了瑞典居家养老服务的质量,政府成为养老服务的唯一责任主体。瑞典基于平等主义文化的养老服务体系的发展经验为我国带来以下启示:大力推进城乡养老服务设施与养老服务津贴的全覆盖;以服务质量为导向推动养老服务供给侧竞争;创造平等的就业环境,为养老服务提供人员保障;充分发挥第三方组织在养老服务中的作用。

The Formation of Swedish Elderly Care System Based on Egalitarian Culture and Its Enlightenment to China

As one of the representative countries of the Scandinavian welfare system,Sweden's elderly care service system has been branded with an egalitarian culture.The formation of the Swedish egalitarian culture has benefited from a series of events including agrarian reforms,trade unions and active labor market policies.Influenced by an egalitarian culture,the evolution of the Swedish elderly care system is divided into four stages.Before 1918,Sweden mainly focused on family elderly care services,and the government provided elderly care services only to poor elderly people.From 1918 to 1949,the elderly care services represented by elderly homes mainly covered all elderly people.From 1950 to 1989,home-based care services have become Sweden's main way of providing care for the elderly.Since 1990,"consumer choice"has improved the quality of home care services in Sweden,and the government has become the sole responsibility body for care services.Development experiences of Swedish elderly care system based on egalitarian culture give China a lot of implications on the elderly care service system including vigorously promoting the full coverage of urban and rural elderly care service facilities and pension subsidies,promoting service-oriented competition on the supply side of elderly care services,creating an equal employment environment,providing personnel protection for elderly care services,and giving full play to the role of third-party organizations in elderly care services.