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Learning orientation and self-initiated expatriates’ work performance: a moderated-mediation model

Institution:	1. International Center for Hospitality Research & Development, Dedman School of Hospitality, Florida State University, 288 Champions Way, UCB 4117, P.O. Box 3062541, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States;2. International Scholar from Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea;3. College of Hotel & Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea;4. School of Tourism Management, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China;5. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China;1. Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel & Restaurant Management, University of Houston, 4450 University Dr. #227, Houston, TX, 77204, United States;2. Department of Hotel Management, Cheju Halla University, 28 Halladae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea;3. Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 Northeast 151 Street, North Miami, LF, 33181, United States;1. Dedman College of Hospitality Management, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2541, United States;2. Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States;3. School of Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States;1. ESSEC Business School, 95021, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France;2. NYU School of Professional Studies, Jonathan M. Tisch Center of Hospitality, New York, NY, 10003, United States;1. School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 17 Science Museum Road, TST East, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;2. The School of Hospitality Business, Michigan State University, 241 Eppley Center, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA;3. Rose College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32819, USA;1. Gabelli School of Business, Fordham University, 140 W. 62nd Street, New York, NY, 10023, United States;2. Koppelman School of Business, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, United States

Abstract:	The hospitality industry is looking for talent beyond national boundaries. Self-initiated expatriation is a widespread phenomenon that has gained limited attention. This study investigates if learning orientation and cultural distance affect the work performance of self-initiated expatriates. The study also tests the moderated-mediation effect of prior international experience on work performance when mediated through cross-cultural adjustment. The authors collected data from 311 self-initiated expatriates from the Malaysian hotel industry. The results confirm that learning orientation was positively related to work performance when mediated through cross-cultural adjustment. The greater the distance between home and host country culture, the higher the cross-cultural adjustment, thus supporting the cultural distance paradox. Prior international experience moderated the relationship between learning outcome and work performance when mediated through cross-cultural adjustment, thus supporting the moderated-mediation model. This study includes the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. It also outlines the limitations and avenues for further research.

Keywords:	Self-initiated expatriate learning orientation cultural distance cross-cultural adjustment work performance prior international experience
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