PPP in OECD Countries: An Analysis of Real Exchange Rate Stationarity, Cross-Sectional Dependency and Structural Breaks

The stationarity of OECD real exchange rates over the period 1972?C2008 is tested using a panel of 26 member countries. The methodology followed stems from the need to meet several key concerns: (i) the identification of which panel members are stationary; (ii) the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the countries in the panel; and (iii) the identification of potential structural breaks that might have occurred at different points in time. To address these concerns, we employ a recent test that examines the time series properties of the data within a panel framework, namely the Hadri and Rao (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 70: 245?C269, 2008) panel stationarity test. The real exchange rates of the 26 OECD countries are found to be stationary when considered as a panel, but only after allowing for endogenously-determined structural breaks and cross section dependence. We also find that once these structural breaks are removed from the underlying series, the half-life of shocks to the real exchange rate is much shorter than has been calculated in earlier studies.     

休闲时间与经济效率——来自OECD国家的证据

本文认为在考察经济增长的过程中，除了需要关注人均变量，更需要关注“时人均”变量，因为后者代表单位时间内的人均变量，可用来衡量经济效率，而经济效率是经济增长潜力的源泉。为此，本文将工作时间、受教育时间和休闲时间引入内生增长模型，并突出考虑了休闲对经济个体效率的积极作用以及休闲对技术水平的外部效应，由此刻画了休闲与经济效率之间的非线性关系。随后，在模型结论的框架下，引用21个0ECD成员国近二十多年来的面板数据研究了上述非线性关系，并具体求解到经济体的最优休闲时间。由此说明，可以通过对休闲时间的合理调整与管理来达成最理想的经济效率。     

Real Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence from 15 OECD Countries

In an extended Balassa–Samuelson model, long-run real exchange rates are determined by relative productivity and terms of trade. We present evidence of systematic long-run relationships between these fundamental variables and real exchange rates in a data set covering 15 OECD countries from 1960 to 1996. High relative productivity is associated with real exchange rate appreciations in most cases. There is less support for the hypothesis that the terms of trade affect equilibrium real exchange rates.     

全球化与经济周期同步性——以中国和OECD国家为例

本文利用新方法测度经济周期同步性,构建1984～2007年面板数据研究中国与OECD国家的经济周期同步性及其传导机制。研究发现,中国同OECD国家的经济周期同步性与传统理论存在一定差异,双边贸易强度、金融与投资开放度、产业结构的相似程度都将显著地增加中国同OECD国家的经济周期同步性。     

Regulation,Institutions and Aggregate Investment: New Evidence from OECD Countries

This paper investigate the relationship linking investment (capital stock) and structural policies. Using a panel of 32 OECD countries from 1985 to 2013, we show that more stringent product and labour market regulations are associated with less investment (lower capital stock). The paper also sheds light on the existence of non-linear effects of employment protection legislation (EPL) on the capital stock. Several alternative testing methods show that the negative influence of EPL is considerably stronger at higher levels. Finally, and importantly, the paper uncovers important policy interactions between product and labour market policies. Higher levels of product market regulations (covering state control, barriers to entrepreneurship and barriers to trade and investment) tend to amplify the negative relationships between EPL and the capital stock and ETCR and the capital stock. Equally important is the finding that the rule of law and the quality of (legal) institutions alters the overall impact of regulations on capital deepening: better institutions reduce the negative effect of more stringent product and labour market regulations on the capital stock, possibly through the reduction of uncertainty as regards the protection of property rights. This result also implies that the benefit from product and labour market reforms may be smaller in countries with weaker institutions.     

产业关联和FDI的垂直型外溢——基于中国制造业企业数据的经验研究

本文采用世界银行就中国投资环境调查的企业数据,运用投入产出表构建前向和后向关联指标,研究FDI对中国制造业企业的垂直型技术外溢。研究发现,外商直接投资通过前向关联,对我国的制造业企业产生了正且显著的溢出效应,却没有通过后向关联产生技术外溢。也就是说,上游的外商投资企业通过出售中间品给我国的本地企业,这种前向关联提高了本地企业的生产率,但外资企业并没有通过后向关联提高当地供应商的生产率。进一步研究表明,FDI这两种垂直型的技术外溢,都集中在国有企业,对民营企业均不存在。上述结果分别通过了运用sys-GMM估计和不同子样本选择这两种方法的敏感性检验。因此,我们的估计结果是稳健的。     

Growth, Technological Change, and ICT Diffusion: Recent Evidence from OECD Countries

In this paper we present an overview of GDP and productivitygrowth patterns in OECD countries over the past decade, on thebasis of harmonized data. Our evidence suggests that fast-growingcountries generally shared three characteristics: improvementsin labour utilization; a generalized enhancement in human capital;and rapid shifts in the composition of physical capital towardsinformation and communication technology (ICT) equipment. Particularly,we show that technological change embodied in new ICT capitalgoods has been a primary source of output and productivity growthin ICT-using sectors. The international comparison allows relatinggrowth patterns to institutional and policy indicators, therebyoffering some preliminary insights into the potential sourcesof growth disparities. Cross-country evidence yields some tentativesupport to the idea that institutional factors affecting competitionin the product market are likely to affect productivity patterns,especially in a period of rapid diffusion of a general-purposetechnology (such as ICT).     

FDI、内生技术进步与经济增长——基于OECD国家的计量检验与实证分析

本文在产品质量提高模型基础上,通过构建内生增长模型来解释由于FDI的引入带来的产品种类增加和产品质量提高的技术进步而导致的经济增长,并对OECD 34个国家1980～2009年的数据进行实证分析,以及对OECD国家分组情况下进行实证分析,结果表明,产品种类增加和产品质量提高分别都对OECD国家的经济增长有促进作用,但是两者在不同组别的影响有所差异。     

FDI、行业间联系与溢出效应——基于我国制造业行业面板数据的实证分析

本文采用1999～2003年28个制造业行业的面板数据进行实证分析,以期说明制造业行业是否存在外资行业内横向溢出和行业间纵向溢出效应(后向联系和前向联系)。利用动态面板数据的系统广义矩估计方法(SystemGMM),克服了要素投入的内生性问题和前期的生产率冲击后,实证结果表明,对制造业的内资而言,外资的后向联系效应作用明显,说明后向联系确实是外资技术溢出的重要渠道,而行业内溢出效应和前向联系效应表现为不明显的正向影响。     

Capital Flows, FDI, and Technology Spillovers: Evidence from Arab Countries

The aim of this paper is to study the role and significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economic performance of the Arab countries. It first highlights the importance of international capital and financial flows in the Arab and developing countries, and then concentrates on the global distribution of FDI and its position in the Arab world. This discussion is followed by an analysis of the effect of FDI on Arab technological development and total factor productivity (TFP). The paper concludes with policy recommendations and suggestions.     

Robots,Unions, and Aging: Determinants of Robot Adoption Evidence from OECD Countries

Atlantic Economic Journal -     

A Sequential Test for Structural Breaks in the Causal Linkages Between the G7 Short-Term Interest Rates

This paper investigates changes in the causal structure linking the G-7 short-term rates by using a sequential test for the constancy of the adjustment coefficients in error correction equations. This technique allows us to detect permanent structural breaks in the causal linkages. In this instance, the hypotheses of interest are the US world-wide leadership, the disengagement of UK monetary policy from those pursued in the Eurozone after the collapse of the ERM, and the German leadership hypothesis (GLH) within the European Union (EU). While we do not find any examples of reversal of causality, the evidence points to a break in the causal linkages between the UK and the German rates after the third/fourth quarter of 1992. The empirical results are also consistent with a US world-wide leadership and a weak German leadership within the Eurozone.     

Reconsidering Consumption Risk Sharing among OECD Countries: Some Evidence Based on Panel Cointegration

In this paper we provide a characterization of international consumption risk sharing among a sample of OECD countries based on panel cointegration and error-correction techniques. Our results indicate that around 30% of idiosyncratic consumption risks are shared in the short run. In the long run, however, only about 10% of idiosyncratic consumption risks are shared internationally. In addition, we find that countries characterized by relatively high foreign asset and liability positions are less exposed to shocks. Moreover, the time it takes until idiosyncratic shocks exert their full impact on consumption crucially depends on the foreign asset and liability position.

Regulatory Policy: OECD Experience and Evidence

In the past 20 years a key topic of public-sector reform inOECD countries has been the emergence of regulatory policy.During this period, the nature of regulation has undergone profoundand rapid change. This paper reviews the development of regulatorypolicy in OECD countries over the last quarter-century. It identifiesa range of tools and institutions that have been used by OECDcountries to develop high-quality regulation. The analysis attemptsto show that while there is considerable commonality on broadobjectives of regulatory policy, considerably diversity remainsin the implementation of regulatory policy across OECD countries. Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: nikolai.malyshev{at}oecd.org     

Innovation Dynamics in OECD Countries: Challenges for German Enterprises

This paper considers the innovation dynamics in OECD countries since the beginning of the 1990s. Special attention is given to German firms that had the exceptional opportunity and burden to develop an innovative regime in the former GDR. The economic slump in the new decade had everywhere a negative impact on the propensity of companies to invest in new innovative products and processes. Among the OECD countries leading in innovation, Europe is loosing strength, although R&D has doubtlessly become more important in the innovation process of the manufacturing sector, but in particular in the service sector. The EU and some member countries have recognized this and formulated an ambitious objective: R&D expenditure is to be increased to 3% of GDP by 2010. Despite this joint target, countries differ in many respects. Export-oriented countries in high technology products suffer less from a weak economic momentum in their domestic markets. A further distinction needs to be made between the industry and the service sector. Industrial innovators focus more on the world market. After the trade diversion of West German high technology from international markets to the absorbing East German markets was over, in the second half of the 1990s, Germany has managed to get slightly ahead of Japan as an exporter of R&D-intensive goods and in international patent activities. However, the foreign trade success that the German technology sector enjoyed is mainly based on the automobile sector. Increasing problems in the long term are the decline in the number of qualified manpower entering the labour market. It will exacerbate the shortage of qualified staff in innovating companies.This is an updated and completely revised version of an earlier contribution to the Symposium on Entrepreneurship – Innovation – Marketing, Benchmarking the Technological Competitiveness of German Enterprises in Times of low Growth, Karlsruhe, October 2003.     

对中国国际贸易与FDI相互关系的重新检验

自从Mundell（1957）首次正式探讨国际贸易和FDI（外国直接投资）之间的关系并提出“替代模型”以来，已有众多学者相继提出了“互补关系论”、“不确定性关系论”和“一体化关系论”等各种其他理论。为检验国际贸易与FDI相互关系在中国的实际情况，本文采用协整检验的方法，分别运用外资企业数据、全国数据以及江苏省数据重新检验了国际贸易与FDI之间的长期相互关系。实证结果表明，外资企业的国际贸易与FDI之间存在长期稳定的相互促进关系，基于全国数据的国际贸易与FDI之间没有相互促进关系，基于江苏省数据的国际贸易和FDI之间只具有单向促进作用。本文在解释上述实证结果原因的基础上，给出了相关结论和启示。     

外国直接投资与旅游业:来自中国的证据

本文将Zaptata和Rambaldi(1997)提出的方法应用于中国的季度数据,以便检验中国的外国直接投资(FDI)和旅游业之间的因果关系。实证结果表明,由FDI到旅游存在着单向因果关系。这一发现有助于解释过去的十几年中中国旅游市场的快速发展。