异质性GIC治理及其“鱼/渔”效应——基于mvQCA方法的本土制造企业实证

融入全球创新体系是本土制造企业创新战略的必由之路。突破全球价值链研究的范式局限，文章基于全球创新链新范式、从“异质性”假设和二元关系视角，揭示“技术范式、技术差距和权力地位”等不同情境下，“解构类型、分工模式和空间结构”不同的异质性全球创新链治理，对本土制造企业技术能力溢出（“鱼”效应）和创新能力溢出（“渔”效应）的显著差异。采用多值集定性比较分析（mvQCA）方法，对80个异质性全球创新链治理二元关系样本，进行组态视角复杂路径构型分析，揭示了全球创新链治理的异质性维度和所处情境特征影响“鱼/渔”效应的交互与匹配机制。研究结论对探索全球创新链研究新范式以及本土制造企业融入全球创新链的战略与策略决策具有启示意义。     

双重产业转移视角的代工制造业优化升级:自浙江观察

实践证明,长三角地区的制造业企业以代工方式"低端嵌入"全球价值链,无法实现可持续发展。长三角地区的代工企业应在承接国际高端产业转移的基础上,有效利用国内各区域的比较优势,将部分劳动密集型生产制造环节转移到中西部地区,延长在国内的产业链环节,进而构建以本土企业为主的国内价值链(NVC),成为国内价值链的治理者,从而实现以一个更加均衡的国内生产体系网络嵌入全球价值链(GVC),通过在国际和国内两个市场上的资源整合,实现以本土企业成长带动代工制造业的优化升级。     

全球价值链治理、知识转移与代工企业升级——以珠三角地区为例

代工企业在全球价值链的升级具有战略性和紧迫性,其升级并不是独立自发的,而是受到了全球价值链中各经济主体之间的组织形式和关系安排的统一约束。知识经济的发展也为代工企业的升级创造了新的机遇。全球价值链、知识转移以及代工企业的升级之间存在着密切的关系,文章通过分析全球价值链治理下的全球领先企业与代工企业之间的知识转移模型,从而提出代工企业的升级建议。     

全球价值链升级视角下长三角国际代工产业自主价值体系构建

长三角国际代工产业在全球价值链的转型升级,具有战略性与紧迫性.现有全球价值链升级理论与长三角代工产业的转型升级研究虽然重视了"自主技术与品牌"路径,但却忽视了自主价值体系的构建路径.文章运用全球价值网格理论,分析了全球价值链嵌入中长三角国际代工产业价值体系的现状,认为存在"价值链断层与跨区域价值整合商角色"、"价值节点离散与跨区域价值整合体系"两大突出矛盾.提出了长三角国际代工产业自主价值体系构建的对策,包括战略定位、多元主体、价值创造与实现体系、价值模块创建、跨区域协同机制以及价值实现的具体方式等等.     

锁定效应与中国代工产业升级——基于制造业分行业面板数据的经验研究

以代工模式嵌入全球价值链,是后进国家实现工业化的有效战略和重要途径,但可能因锁定效应而不利于经济可持续发展与产业升级。本文首先从投入、需求与功能三个维度将代工产业的锁定效应分解为要素锁定效应、市场锁定效应和价值链锁定效应,进而利用2001-2008年中国制造业分行业面板数据,实证研究了国际代工模式下不同要素密集型产业的锁定效应。结果显示:劳动密集型制造业表现出要素锁定效应和市场锁定效应,资本密集型、技术密集型制造业则兼具上述三种锁定效应;外资代工促成了劳动密集型制造业的锁定效应,全球价值链分工因素对资本密集型制造业具有"双刃剑"作用,对技术密集型制造业则具有显著的锁定效应;工资水平对劳动密集型制造业的锁定效应具有显著影响,资本密集型制造业的锁定效应与工资水平、规模经济和创新强度显著相关,技术密集型制造业的锁定效应则受到创新强度和外部制度因素的显著影响。本文结论意味着不同类型的产业升级应当采取差异化的政策措施。     

论后金融危机时代本土代工企业转型升级模式

国际金融危机以来,国际市场日益需求萎缩,本土代工企业面临利润下降、传统竞争优势逐渐丧失等问题及困境。在新的国际经济形势下,通过转型升级摆脱全球价值链"低端锁定"的生存危机,获取企业持续发展动力成为本土代工企业面临的必然战略选择。在此基础上,提出本土代工企业的转型升级模式,即开拓国内市场、产品或产业链升级、建立自主品牌、向服务型制造转变。     

全球价值链嵌入与技能溢价——基于中国微观企业数据的经验分析

本文基于中国微观企业数据,考察了企业嵌入全球价值链对劳动力工资技能溢价(技能与非技能劳动工资之比)的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:总体来看,企业嵌入全球价值链与技能溢价之间呈倒U型关系,即在全球价值链嵌入度较低时,企业提高价值链参与度将提升技能溢价;在全球价值链嵌入度较高时,则将缩小技能溢价。进一步的机制检验表明,这主要是由于企业参与全球价值链引起的技能结构(技能劳动占比)与利润率变化呈倒U型;异质性检验表明,全球价值链嵌入对技能溢价的影响因企业所在区域和所有制类型不同而呈现出显著的差异性。通过考察市场特征对技能溢价的调节作用,本文发现地区市场一体化会弱化全球价值链嵌入对技能溢价的提升效应,而最低工资制度则会强化这种效应。     

中国企业出海“航母”模式：泰中罗勇案例研究

建立海外工业园、打造企业海外经营的“航母”，正成为本土企业构筑全球价值链的新模式。区别于传统的对外直接投资模式，不确定性和非对称性异域经营环境的“航母”模式，具有节约交易成本、风险规避、快速学习、规模递增以及贸易便捷等多种优势。文章以泰中罗勇工业园为例，分析了“航母”模式的资源基础、组织网络、运行机制和能力架构，形成“航母”的实体资源能力、与众多利益相关者的协作能力以及“航母”平台与栖驻企业之间的边界决策能力。结合案例分析，提出了“航母”模式的“高集聚、本地化与合法性”三大动态构建路径与潜在风险，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

金融危机下看中国企业的全球价值链低环嵌入

全球价值链体系的发展对中国经济的腾飞与产业结构的升级起到了积极的促进作用,但中国企业在全球价值链中大多处于低端环节,附加值低,依附性强,特别是在当前的金融危机下,其发展面临着巨大的困境,如何求生存求发展是其当前面临的关键问题。本文回顾了全球价值链的相关理论,总结中国企业嵌入全球价值链的基本状况,对其嵌入全球价值链的状况、效应和未来的发展前景展开了分析,探讨其未来发展路径,并提出了对策建议。     

对外直接投资与全球价值链分工地位——来自中国微观企业的经验证据

中国企业对外直接投资的迅速发展改变着全球价值链的格局。本文利用2004—2011年中国微观企业数据,采用基于倾向得分匹配的倍差法全面评估了中国企业对外直接投资的价值链效应。研究结果表明:对外直接投资与企业全球价值链分工地位之间存在显著的因果效应,对外直接投资明显促进了企业全球价值链分工地位的提升,并呈现出递增的持续滞后效应;不同类型对外直接投资的价值链效应存在显著差异,投资发达国家相对于发展中国家表现出更大的价值链升级效应,当地生产型企业的价值链推升效应明显大于商贸服务型;对"一带一路"沿线国家的直接投资表现出超过整体平均水平的价值链分工地位促进效应。本文研究为中国继续有效推进企业"走出去"战略,逐步构建以中国企业为主导的全球价值链提供了有力的微观经验支撑。     

国际化分工与厂商ODM策略

从OEM到ODM代表厂商在垂直价值链活动范围的扩大,也是经营升级和国际竞争力增强的必然。资源理论、厂商合作理论和价值理论为厂商垂直经营范围选择与国际合作提供了相关的理论基础,在国际垂直分工框架下,从OEM向ODM演进。因此大多数中国厂商应该设法实现从OEM到ODM的升级,并强化自身运用ODM的策略能力。     

代工模式的分工位置、组织特征与技术追赶——基于全球价值链的视角

代工制造是跨国公司主导全球价值链治理和资源优化配置的重要形式。中国已成为全球代工制造大国,但长期以来代工制造业的国际竞争力并没有随规模扩张实现同步提升。文章概述了全球价值链理论的核心内容,并基于全球价值链分工的视角,分析了代工制造模式的主要类型、价值链分工位置、产业组织特征和技术追赶过程。最后,提出了中国代工制造业技术追赶的几点建议。     

Host country institutional pressures and cross-border relationship governance

This study examines the effects of transaction cost, strategic positioning and institutional factors on the governance of international relationships. A firm's product differentiation strategy and export market ethnocentricity are identified as antecedents to specific investments, whereas state influences in the export market are identified as an antecedent to relationship governance. The hypotheses are empirically tested on a sample of 160 international business-to-business relationships. The results show that both product differentiation and export market ethnocentricity impact the level of specific investments, and state influences make it difficult to use both formal contracting and relational norms as governance mechanisms. Furthermore, specific investments made by the supplier are positively related to formal contracting, and product differentiation is positively related to relational norms.     

Safeguarding investments and creation of transaction value in asymmetric international subcontracting relationships: The role of relationship learning and relational capital

This study examines how suppliers who do not have bargaining power to protect relationship-specific investments (RSIs) can use safeguarding mechanisms to create transaction value in the context of asymmetric international subcontracting partnerships. From a supplier perspective, two different types of bilateral safeguarding mechanisms, relationship learning and relational capital, play discrete roles in the process of creating transaction value. Drawing on a resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, this study proposes that RSIs (a firm's resources), can enhance relationship learning (capabilities), which in turn, facilitates dyadic capability enhancing (joint competitive advantage). In addition, from a social capital perspective, relational capital facilitates relationship learning and strengthens the positive relationship between RSIs and relationship learning. Relationship learning plays the key role, and acts as the catalyst in transforming RSIs and relational capital into dyadic capability enhancing. The hypotheses are tested using data from a survey of 118 Taiwanese supplier–international buyer relationships in information technology industries. The study finds that relationship learning mediates the relationship between RSIs and dyadic capability enhancing, and that relational capital moderates the relationship between RSIs and relationship learning.     

Relationship duration and buyer influence in just-in-time relationships

Heavy investments tailored to a specific JIT-relationship highlight the trade-off between improved value-added and inter-firm dependence in industrial purchasing relationships. The main reason for dedicating specific investments in a JIT-relationship is to enhance production efficiency and logistics performance. On the other hand, such investments induce substantial inter-firm dependence and high switching costs, which must be offset by stronger inter-firm co-ordination. Using transaction costs analysis (TCA) and relational contracting theory (RCT), the authors have examined whether the buyer's influence on a JIT-relationship is contingent upon the length of that relationship. Data from a survey of 165 industrial purchasing relationships demonstrate that as a JIT-relationship evolves over time, inter-firm co-ordination tends to increase reliance on relational governance. When the level of the JIT-investment is substantial, hierarchical buyer control relaxes significantly as the length of the relationship increases.     

我国企业的OEM/OBM之路

凭借廉价的劳动力成本和巨大的市场潜力,我国已经成为世界制造业大国,名副其实的“世界工厂”,OEM生产方式在这一过程中功不可没。许多企业获益匪浅,目前,有些企业已经在国际市场上崭露头角,但OEM只是一个开始,由OEM/ODM生产方式转向OBM才是我国企业的发展方向。     

Nurturing International Business research through Global Value Chains literature: A review and discussion of future research opportunities

This article offers a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on Global Value Chains (GVCs). The GVC framework has received growing attention in the last decade, providing theoretical concepts and analytical tools to understand and assess patterns of value creation in view of the new international division of labour. In this area, a broad overlap of research interest exists with the international business (IB) literature. Yet, few interactions between the two fields of study have been recorded so far. Performing a quantitative content analysis on all academic publications on GVCs in the period 1994−2018, this paper describes the evolution of GVC studies, emphasizing points of contact and potential synergies with the IB literature. It also identifies research opportunities along the four key dimensions of the GVC framework: geographical and industrial scope, governance, upgrading, and institutional context.     

工业设计、ODM与我国出口产品价值提升:作用机理与实证检验

我国外贸从OEM向ODM升级过程中,工业设计起到非常重要的促进作用。本文详细论证了工业设计对制造业发展、企业盈利能力增强和外贸产业升级的作用机理,并以与工业设计关系密切的出口产品价格指数反映出口产品价值的变化,用1986-2010年间的时间序列数据进行实证检验。协整检验和误差修正模型估计结果表明,在长期均衡关系和短期波动两种统计模型中,工业设计能力均对出口产品价值具有显著正向作用。我国需要进一步深化对工业设计重要作用的认识,构建包含政府、企业和协会等多层面的工业设计发展支撑体系。     

Institutional Distance and Cross‐Border Venture Capital Investment Flows

Cross‐border investments are an increasingly important part of venture capitalists' portfolios. In order to better understand venture capitalists' international investment decisions, we use dyadic pairings of European countries over a 10‐year time span to examine how regulative, normative, and cultural‐cognitive institutional differences are related to cross‐border venture capital investment flows. Results demonstrate that increased normative and cultural‐cognitive distance reduce cross‐border investments, whereas regulative distance shows no relationship. Together, these findings suggest that institutional dimensions do influence venture capital investment decisions and that the type of distance can have differing effects.