Tenants, Landlords, and Soil Conservation

It has long been argued that tenants tend to overexploit land, but this conventional wisdom has been derived largely without consideration of landlords' actions. We examine what happens when landlords can invest in durable conservation measures in addition to choosing rental contract terms. When tenants are risk neutral, landlords overinvest in conservation under cash rental contracts but can achieve first best levels of output and protection against land degradation when conservation investment is combined with share rental. When tenants are risk averse, the first best is unattainable. In this case, conservation investment combined with share rental results in output levels below the first best, while equilibrium conservation investment may be greater or less than the first best. These results suggest that contract form and conservation investments are likely made simultaneously, so that econometric studies of conservation practice adoption that treat rental status as exogenous are likely subject to bias.     

永佃制下的田皮价格

本文从安徽歙县遗留的民间置产簿本及田皮买卖文契辑录田价及田皮价。比较之下可以看出田皮价格之波动远为剧烈；在多数年代田皮价超过田价。利用不同的田皮比价来计算吉尼系数，明显看出上涨的田皮价格可以进一步使地权分配平均化。     

地权稳定性对耕地质量的影响——基于流转契约安排的视角

目的 巩固和完善农村基本经营制度是保障国家粮食安全和农村社会稳定的重要基石。在“三权”分置背景下,如何通过稳定地权实现耕地质量的有效保护和提升,已成为保障国家粮食安全的重要举措。方法 文章从地块属性和土地流转契约安排等地权稳定视角,利用2015年和2018年黑龙江、浙江、河南、四川4省两轮粮食规模户生产与测土面板数据,在统计分析的基础上,选取混合最小二乘法、随机效应模型和工具变量法进行实证分析,系统研究土地流转是否对耕地质量存在影响。结果 （1）四省耕地质量稳中向好,但不同地区变化趋势差异明显。（2）稳定的地权有利于改善耕地质量,较长的农地流转期限有利于耕地质量的保护与提升。（3）流转农地缺乏书面合同约束,不约定流转期限和流转期限短现象依然普遍,地权稳定性仍需加强。（4）地权稳定性随着流转农地来源农户数量增加而减弱。结论 基于主粮保供视角,建议持续关注耕地质量变化,促进耕地质量整体得到改善和提升;加强土地流转规范管理,引导农地流转期限长期稳定,增强农业经营主体生产的稳定预期,更好发挥地权稳定的长效激励作用,为耕保护性型措施的采用提供有利条件,进而达到保护和提升我国耕地质量的长远目标。     

如何有效提高家庭农场的全要素生产率 ——基于上海市松江区家庭农场数据的实证分析

研究目的：基于上海松江区家庭农场的调查数据计算家庭农场的全要素生产率,离析出影响家庭农场全要素生产率的关键因素,据以提出有针对性的措施。研究方法：Global Malmquist和混合Tobit模型。研究结果：（1）2007—2017年,全部家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.077 3,其中,纯效率变化指数为0.998 4、技术变化指数为1.075 0、规模效率变化指数为1.007 2;纯粮食种植型家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.061 9,纯效率变化指数为0.989 6,技术变化指数为1.071 9,规模效率变化指数为1.004 6;其他类型家庭农场全要素生产率指数为1.081 7,其中,纯效率变化指数、技术变化指数和规模效率变化指数分别为1.027 9、1.049 0和1.014 0。（2）总体水平上,农场主是否有农业从业经历、是否有农机驾驶证、土地经营权合同年限、是否购买农机作业正向影响全部家庭农场的全要素生产率,但不同类型家庭农场全要素生产率的影响因素存在差异。研究结论：虽然松江家庭农场全要素生产率增长速度较快,但仍然存在一定的提升空间。为此,需要提高家庭农场劳动力素质,切实保障好家...     

基于GIS的典型白浆土区八五三农场耕地地力的定量评价

以黑龙江省典型白浆土区的853农场为例,采集农田耕层(0～20cm)样品1695个,以土地利用现状图的耕地图斑为评价单元,选取10个指标,利用特尔菲法和层次分析法,结合GIS技术,对853农场耕地地力进行了定量化的分析和评价.评价结果表明八五三农场耕地地力整体水平为:三级地占总耕地面积的35.47％,其次为二级和四级,分别占27.53％和20.86％,比例最小的是一级和五级地,分别占6.83％和9.30％.分级结果较好的体现了地区特点,同时明确了不同等级耕地的面积、空间分布格局,为探讨制定科学的培肥政策、提高作物产量和土壤基础地力,保护生态环境提供了定量化的分析依据.     

Impacts of Low-Cost Land Certification on Investment and Productivity

New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low-cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low-cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm-plot-level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity.     

Farm work, off-farm work, and hired farm labour: estimating a discrete-choice model of French farm couples' labour decisions

We model jointly several types of discrete-choice labour decisionsof farm couples: farm work, off-farm work and hired farm labour.Rather than estimating a set of reduced-form participation equationsthat is subject to an internal inconsistency problem, we estimatea 16-choice multinomial model. We find that farm labour of operatorsand of spouses are substitutes. Hired farm labour increaseswith the farmer's qualifications, perhaps substituting for thecouple's labour inputs. Other adults in the household substitutefor the farm labour input of the farm couple and hired workers.We find that the organisation of work by French farm householdshas changed over time, in the direction of a more equal sharingof tasks and responsibilities between members of the farm family.     

农地所有权制度的另一种探索

农村土地所有权本质上是关于农村土地财产权的问题。我国现阶段农村土地所有权性质模糊不清、所有权主体虚无化、多元化,在法学上表现为“产权失灵”。农村集体土地全部实行土地国有化有利于农村土地所有权的完备、清晰和稳定。在农村土地国有化的基础上,建立新型的永佃权制度,保护农民的权益。     

Land Tenure and the Adoption of Conservation Practices

We use a logit adoption model with data on 941 U.S. corn producers from the 1996 Agricultural Resource Management Study to analyze the influence of land tenure on the adoption of conservation practices. We extend previous analyses by distinguishing renters according to lease type and by distinguishing practices according to the timing of costs and returns. We find that cash-renters are less likely than owner-operators to use conservation tillage, but share-renters are not. Both cash-renters and share-renters are less likely than owner-operators to adopt practices that provide benefits only over the longer term (grassed waterways, stripcropping, and contour farming).