公司最优股权结构分析

公司股权结构是各利益方相互博弈的结果。本文从企业融资渠道的角度出发,考虑在负债条件下的企业最优股权结构的确定。通过文献回顾股权与绩效之间的关系,分析出股权集中度对公司绩效影响的研究大体分为三大类:股权集中度与公司绩效正相关、不相关以及股权的分散性与公司绩效呈正相关关系;同时认为股权结构的内生性问题与绩效也有一定的显著性影响。本文采用Pagano和Roell(1988)提出的股权结构的形成模型,同时本文将在外部融资中加入债务融资进行分析。理论分析表明,企业的最优股权结构受企业债务融资决策的影响。在考虑债务融资的情形下,股东的持股比例与企业的价值是相关的,也就是说,企业的股权结构可能是内生的,它会随着企业经营境况的改变而改变,是股东间博弈的结果。     

Taxation and Capital Structure Choice: The Role of Ownership

Applying firm fixed‐effects estimations to European firm‐level data, I analyze how ownership structure affects the relationship between taxation and capital structure. I find that an increase in the corporate tax rate affects the debt‐to‐assets ratio positively, and that this effect is stronger for firms with concentrated ownership. These results hold independently of whether firms are standalone or subsidiaries, and are also valid if subsidiaries are divided into those that are foreign‐owned and those domestically owned. Lastly, ownership plays a role even when controlling for other potentially important determinants of the relation between corporate taxation and capital structure.     

上市公司的所有权与融资结构

文章对上市公司的融资结构进行了研究,指出企业的国有（或国有控股）性质是企业资产负债率水平偏高的根本原因。与此相对应,民营企业的资产负债率水平则明显低于国有（或国有控股）企业。作者认为,现有的发行新股或债转股方式,并非是解决我国国有企业资产负债率水平偏高的根本出路。解决这一问题的最终途径可能还是在于调整所有权结构。另外,作者利用我国上市公司的数据,发现了与MMM理论相矛盾的一些事实,即我国的国有相对控股上市公司的资产负债率水平是与此类公司的所有权结构相关联的。     

混合所有制、股权激励与融资决策中的防御行为--基于动态权衡理论的证据

文章基于动态权衡理论,以1999-2014年上市公司为样本,运用混合所有制改革这一“自然实验”条件,研究了高管股权激励对其融资决策中防御行为的影响,分离出激励和治理双重效应。研究发现：(1)股权激励有助于抑制高管融资决策中的防御行为,但这种效应只存在于民营企业中;(2)对于国有企业,只在股权分置改革后才观察到类似效果,而股改前高管在减少债务融资的同时,提高了股权激励水平,自我激励问题明显;(3)公司股权混合度越高,其在赋予高管股权激励上越谨慎,但在国有股比例较高的公司中,混合所有制改革显著提高了股权激励水平;(4)股权混合安排显著改进了股权激励契约在抑制高管防御行为方面的效率,这种效应在非国有股比例较高的公司中更强。     

上市公司股权结构与公司治理的关系研究——来自装备制造业上市公司的经验证据

股权结构是影响公司治理的重要因素,利用多元线性回归对股权治理、债权治理、管理层激励三个层面进行分析,探讨其对公司治理的影响程度。实证表明:第一大股东持股比例、股权集中度、股权制衡度和管理者持股比例与公司治理呈正相关关系,而现金流动负债比率和资产负债率与公司治理呈负相关关系。然而我国装备制造业上市公司股权治理结构并不合理,应进一步优化股权结构、完善监管体系以及建立多元化投资体系等来提高公司治理水平。     

Capital structure choice and ownership: evidence from electronics enterprises in China

Empirical studies on capital structure mostly focus on listed companies and also on countries other than China. In this paper, we employ a panel dataset for 4,716 large and medium-sized enterprises in the Chinese electronics industry during the period 2005–2007 in order to investigate the determinants of their capital structure choice. Using the debt ratio as the dependent variable, we find that firm size and potential growth have a positive effect on the debt ratio whereas profitability has a negative effect. We show that decisions on the debt ratio are based on mixed factors that the various theories suggest. The unlisted Chinese companies which are unable to access to the securities market are prone to acquire bank loans as sources for funds which provides room for the modification of pecking order theory based on listed companies. As to ownership structure, we find that those Chinese electronics enterprises with higher portions of foreign equity tend to have lower debt ratios.     

Ownership, institutions, and capital structure: Evidence from China

We employ a unique data set to explore the role of ownership structure and institutional development in debt financing of non-publicly traded Chinese firms. We show that state ownership is positively associated with leverage and firms’ access to long-term debt, while foreign ownership is negatively associated with all measures of leverage. Surprisingly, firms in better developed regions are associated with reduced access to long-term debt, suggesting the availability of alternative financing channels and the tightening of the lending standards under the on-going banking reform. The combination of ownership structures and institutions explains up to 6% of the total variation in firms’ leverage decisions, while firm characteristics alone explain no more than 8% of the variation. Further, we show that non-state-owned firms tend to have lower total and short-term debt than their state-owned counterparts in less developed regions. Finally, we show that state-owned firms’ easy access to long-term debt is positively associated with long-term investment and negatively associated with firm performance.     

技术创新对股权结构与企业绩效的中介效应

基于2013-2017年我国277家创业板上市制造业企业数据,采用中介效应检验方法分析股权结构、技术创新与企业绩效三者间的相互关系。结果表明：①第一大股东持股比例与技术创新、企业绩效间均呈显著正相关关系;②股权集中度与技术创新、企业绩效间均呈显著正相关关系;③在股权适度集中的基础上,股权制衡度与技术创新和企业绩效均呈显著正相关关系;④技术创新部分中介了股权结构对企业绩效的影响。研究结果有助于厘清股权结构、技术创新与企业绩效三者间的相互关系,对于我国企业自主创新能力提升及企业绩效可持续增长具有重要意义。     

股权结构与股利政策的发展综述及展望

作为公司财务理论三大支柱之一的股利政策,一直是一个难解之谜。2006年,股权分置改革取得了阶段性的胜利,它解决了长期以来因“同股不同权”而带来的公司治理方面的诸多问题。国际上对股权结构主要从股权流通性、股权集中度、股权制衡度等方面进行探究,而我国关于股权结构与股利政策关系的实证研究主要集中在股权流通性上,研究表明：我国非流通股偏好现金股利,而流通股偏好股票股利。国外研究表明：股权集中度与股利支付水平负相关,而我国则相反。至于股权制衡度,欧洲与亚洲亦得出相反的结论。     

公司治理、资本结构与公司价值的实证研究

公司治理、资本结构和公司价值是三个紧密相联的范畴.完善的公司治理结构和治理机制是实现最优资本结构的前提,资本结构是实现公司有效治理的重要手段,同时,这二者均是为提高公司价值服务的.本文以2003年的中国上市公司群体为样本,实证检验了公司治理及资本结构对公司价值的影响.结果显示:法人股权与国家股权相比占相对多数时,公司价值上升.公司债务比率上升时,公司价值下降.董事会监督并未对公司价值产生显著影响.然而,如果考虑到公司所有权结构对资本结构、公司与公司价值之间关系的影响,我们发现,随着法人股权的增加,公司债务比率的上升以及有效的董事会监督将会促进公司价值上升.     

国有企业的债务问题研究*

本文基于1995—2014年间A股制造业上市公司的样本数据进行实证研究,回归结果表明所有制因素对公司资本结构的选择没有显著影响,即便把资本结构区分为长期结构和短期结构亦是如此。公司的总资产收益率、有形资产比率、成长性、公司规模以及实际税率对上市公司资本结构具有显著影响,其中最主要的两个因素是公司的总资产收益率和公司规模。这说明虽然从总量数据上看国企负债的确构成了宏观债务的主体,但就制造业来说国企的债务水平和其经济特征是相匹配的,规模和总资产收益率足以解释这种高债务水平,国企过度负债说至少对制造业国有企业来说并不成立。国企债务风险可能来自平台类国企,相关的政策应该针对这类企业来设计。     

股权结构对资本结构选择的影响--来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文采用一系列OLS回归从公司治理角度经验检验了股权结构对资本结构选择的影响.本文提供的经验证据表明:(1)股权结构是影响资本结构选择的重要因素;(2)管理者持股与债务比率负相关,但不显著;(3)股权集中度与债务比率正相关;(4)股东人数与债务比率负相关;(5)第一大股东持股比率和其他三大股东持股比例之差与债务比率负相关;(6)国家股比例与债务比率成U型关系;(7)法人股比例与债务比率正相关,但不显著,且它们间不存在非线性关系;(8)流通股比例与债务比率成三次曲线关系.     

中国上市公司交叉持股的效应:财务特征与业绩

交叉持股是一种特殊的股权结构形式,它对上市公司会产生多方位的影响.本文从交叉持股效应的理论分析入手,以我国交叉持股上市公司为研究样本,对其财务特征和业绩进行实证检验.对财务特征的检验结果表明:交叉持股具有显著的资本放大效应,并在一定程度上提高了公司的负债水平,但尚未发现交叉持股显著影响盈利水平和现金分红较为一致的证据.进一步对交叉持股公司业绩的配对模型检验则发现,目前我国上市公司交叉持股有利于其业绩的提高,但我国上市公司主要是基于投机性目标进行交叉持股,因而业绩的改善可能并不具有持续性.     

Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Vietnamese Listed Firms

We examine the effect of ownership structure on firm performance, for firms listed on Vietnamese stock exchanges, using 2744 firm‐year observations over the period from 2007 to 2012. We find a non‐linear relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. State ownership has a convex relationship with firm performance. This paper finds that firm performance increases beyond 28.67 percent level of state ownership. Foreign ownership has a concave relationship with firm performance. We find that firm performance increases with an increase of foreign ownership up to a level of 43 percent and then decreases. Policy makers should encourage foreign ownership and widely dispersed state ownership in firms, which can help improve firm performance.     

Corporate governance and research and development: Evidence from Japan

This paper investigates the effects of the ownership structure on the R&D intensity. Using the Japanese machine-manufacturing firm data from 1987 till 1998, we first found that the effects of R&D on stock market valuation and TFP growth were significantly positive in the latter half of the 1990s. Next, analyzing the determinants of the R&D intensity in 1998, we found that the shareholding ratios of large shareholders and the leverage ratios were positively correlated with R&D intensity, while the proportion of bank loans to total debt was negatively correlated with it. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that stress the disciplinary roles of large shareholders and debt. It is also consistent with a bank's holdup hypothesis. Finally, comparing the results of 1998 with those of 1989, we found that the positive roles of keiretsu affiliation and cross-shareholdings disappeared during the last decade.     

北京市劳动力就业与所有制结构分析

通过对不同所有制单位劳动力就业趋势及就业现状分析发现,北京市较大的公有制经济成分,国有企业较高的资产负债率及私营企业规模偏小,外部环境有待改善等影响着劳动力就业,因此,要建立国有企业的现代企业制度,创造条件支持和鼓励非国有企业的发育,并将所有制结构调整与综合配套改革相结合,促进劳动力就业。     

企业持续创新影响因素研究

使用持续专利时间、持续专利数量、持续发明时间和持续发明数量对企业持续创新进行测度,就公司规模、企业盈利能力、债权融资水平、股权结构和高管激励等对企业持续创新的影响进行理论分析,提出相关假设,并以国泰安“中国上市公司专利研究数据库”1985-2015年涉及的1 921家上市公司为样本进行实证检验。结果发现：公司规模与企业持续创新正相关;盈利能力和债权融资水平对企业持续创新的影响不显著;股权结构中,第一大股东持股比例与持续专利时间、持续发明时间负相关,对持续专利数量和持续发明数量的影响不显著。机构投资者持股比例与企业持续专利时间正相关,对其它持续创新变量的正向影响不显著;在高管激励中,以薪酬测度的高管短期激励与企业持续创新正相关,以持股比例测度的高管长期激励对企业持续创新的积极作用没有得到完全发挥。     

跨国合资的技术偏向性与经济增长

文章将偏向性技术进步理论和基于谈判实力的合作博弈理论相结合,分析了股权结构、谈判实力差异对偏向性技术进步和宏观经济增长的影响。文章得出以下结论:首先,在跨国合资模式下,技术进步具有偏向性,而股权结构和谈判实力对偏向性技术进步具有正向影响。其次,谈判实力对经济增长具有正向促进作用;股权结构与经济增长之间的关系呈现U型曲线,股权结构的不平衡性越强,经济增长速度越快,而合资双方越倾向于平均分享股权,经济增长速度则越慢。最后,股权结构和谈判实力对于跨国合资双方在国际经济中的地位和作用也会产生不同的影响。     

中国转轨经济中的产权结构和市场结构——产业绩效水平的决定因素

本文利用 1 995年全国工业企业普查数据检验了中国转轨经济中产权结构和市场结构对于产业绩效的影响作用 ,发现国有产权结构变量对于产业绩效具有明显的负效应 ,产业集中率和规模变量则具有正效应。绩效的优劣主要是根据这几种因素的力度大小和相互抵消的结果来决定的。研究发现 ,国有企业通常是与垄断、缺乏竞争的市场结构密切相关 ,而可竞争的市场结构是与非国有产权或民营产权结构密切相关的。竞争市场与较低的国有产权结构的结合产生了良好的绩效 ,而竞争市场与较高的国有产权结构的不相容性则产生了不良的绩效结果。高度的国有产权结构和垄断性市场的结合 ,则会具有国有结构的负效应和某种较高垄断利润的综合效果。     

Capital Structure under Costly Enforcement*

We consider financial structure and repayment behavior in a setting where cash flows are private information to the entrepreneur and the cost of enforcing repayment differs across security holders. If enforcement costs are lower for shareholders than for creditors, a mixed capital structure with debt and equity can obtain in equilibrium. Under a mixed capital structure, creditors intervene in low cash‐flow states while shareholders intervene in high cash‐flow states. Moreover, strategic defaults, costly bankruptcy, shareholder intervention, and violation of absolute priority occur with positive probability on the equilibrium path. Several of the predictions from our framework are consistent with evidence not readily explainable by existing theories.