食品安全监督抽检工作中常见问题分析

食品安全是人们关注的重点问题,食品安全对人们的身体健康十分重要.近年来,我国的食品安全问题较多,食品安全事件时有发生,为保证人们的身体健康,需加强对食品安全的监督,采用食品安全监督抽检的方法,对食品安全风险进行有效防范.本文分析了食品安全监督抽检工作中抽样方面存在的问题并提出了有效的措施.     

Food safety issues and fresh food product exports from LDCs

Fresh food products have a high income elasticity of demand and few traditional trade barriers in high income markets. As such, they represent an important opportunity for less developed country (LDC) exporters. Fresh food product exports account for half of all food and agricultural exports from LDCs to high income countries. But these products may be subject to greater food safety risks and potential trade barriers arising from sanitary regulation. This paper reviews the challenges and issues facing LDCs in meeting food safety standards for export. These issues include: (a) the importance of fresh food product trade by region and the kinds of issues that arise from those products; (b) the role of farm to table approaches and hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) in ensuring safety; (c) the role of the public sector in LDCs in facilitating trade; (d) the potential role of the SPS Agreement in resolving disputes and determining equivalency of standards between high and low income countries.     

Farmers' Preferences for Alternative Crop and Health Insurance Subsidy

In addition to production risks, farmers desire to balance personal risks of health care. A theoretical framework is developed for holistic health and crop insurance products that provide the opportunity to switch a portion of existing crop insurance subsidy for greater health coverage. A random utility discrete choice experiment is used to assess farmers' stated preferences for holistic insurance products. Farmers prefer higher levels of coverage and are price sensitive. A sample of farmers did not prefer the subsidy switch. However, the subsidy switch is preferred by older farmers, those with higher health care spending, and farmers who have experienced major health problems.     

基层食用农产品监督抽检结果分析——以2020—2021年咸阳市的3个县为例

食品安全是关乎人们健康的重大民生问题,由于近年来我国食品安全问题频发,食品安全监督抽检工作开始受到社会各界的关注和重视,该工作也是防范食品安全问题和排查食品安全风险的重要手段。本文针对2020—2021年咸阳市3个县的食用农产品抽检工作展开分析,并提出了提高检测机构能力、完善监管机制、创新监管模式的建议,旨在能够提高基层食品监管工作的质量。     

Decarbonisation and wholesale electricity market design

In recent decades, many power systems have introduced electricity generator competition. Market designs have varied with some countries adopting ‘energy‐only’ markets and others utilising capacity remuneration mechanisms. With increasing deployment of cost competitive renewable energy and the introduction of policy measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, concerns are emerging about the sustainability of these market designs. In Australia, wholesale electricity prices have increased markedly – the result of a ‘disorderly’ transition away from coal to new renewable energy. This paper critically examines the ‘energy‐only’ market in a high‐penetration renewables system, with a particular focus on the vertically and horizontally restructured National Electricity Market (NEM). We propose that the ‘energy‐only’ market can indeed work within a decarbonised energy system. But as renewables increasingly replace coal‐fired power stations, ‘unintended consequences’ will need to be addressed to facilitate an ‘orderly’ transition. It will be important that policy ensures appropriate new investment in firm capacity is forthcoming; and pricing outcomes are acceptable given political economy constraints.     

基于支持向量机的小型水库风险等级模型研究

根据小型水库现状,研究得到小型水库安全风险的主要影响因子。在此基础上,利用机器学习方法,建立小型水库安全风险等级评价模型。通过实例分析,验证了模型的正确性和适用性。研究表明,基于支持向量机的小型水库安全风险等级评估在小水库安全风险识别上具有一定的适用性,能够有效解决小型水库安全风险等级评价中存在的数据样本较少的问题,该研究成果可以为小型水库下游区域山洪预警提供新的思路。     

Consumer purchase intentions for pork with enhanced carnosine–A functional food

In this study, Canadian consumers’ preferences for enhanced carnosine (a naturally occurring dipeptide that exhibits antiaging properties) in pork are examined. Carnosine is a relatively unknown nutrient to the public such that we are interested in understanding the relative merits of informing consumers of enhanced carnosine levels through a possible health claim, a nutrient content claim or including it in the nutrition facts table (NFT). As a basis of comparison, we include two other possible labels, a protein nutrient content claim, and a Verified Canadian Pork label (created by industry identifying food safety, animal care, traceability, and farm to table quality assurance attributes of the production system). Data were collected through an online survey that included a choice experiment and were analyzed using conditional logit and random parameters logit models. Compared to carnosine (as a functional attribute), consumers prefer the identification of protein content. In terms of labeling carnosine, consumers have higher willingness to pay for carnosine content included in a NFT than for nutrient or health claims. Higher levels of nutrition knowledge are associated with higher willingness to pay for the different pork attributes.     

基于ANP-PP-SPA的区域洪灾风险评价模型研究

针对现有洪灾风险评价模型的缺陷与不足,从致灾因子、孕灾因子、承灾因子和减灾因子4个方面,通过对14项评价指标的分析与计算,构建洪灾风险评价体系。洪灾风险评价体系以网络层次分析法(ANP)求解主观权重,投影寻踪法(PP)求解客观权重,主客观综合权重与集对分析理论(SPA)耦合,构建基于ANP-PP-SPA的洪灾风险评价模型。以广东省英德市为例,验证洪灾风险评价模型的适用性。计算结果表明,英德市2016年的洪灾风险属于中等级别,符合英德市2016年的实际情况。洪灾风险评价模型不仅综合考虑了评价指标间的相互关系,还较好地体现了洪灾风险的模糊性和随机性,能够为区域洪灾风险决策和洪水管理提供科学依据。     

基于水贫困指数及MSCS-SVM模型的云南省水安全评价

为科学评价云南省近10年水安全状况,利用多策略布谷鸟搜索(MSCS)算法搜寻支持向量机(SVM)最佳学习参数,提出MSCS-SVM模型。首先选取6个典型测试函数对CMCS算法进行仿真验证,并与布谷鸟搜索(CS)算法的仿真结果进行对比;其次基于国际上通用的水贫困指数构建区域水安全评价指标体系和分级标准,采用在分级标准阈值间随机内插和随机选取的方法构造训练样本及检验样本,以对MSCS-SVM模型进行训练及检验;最后利用MSCS-SVM模型对云南省近10年及2020年水安全状况进行评价分析。结果表明:MSCS算法寻优精度远优于CS算法,表现出较好的收敛速度、极值寻优能力和全局搜索性能。利用MSCS-SVM模型对云南省2006年水安全进行评价,结果为不安全,2007—2015年评价结果为临界,2020年评价结果为安全,近10年水安全评价结果随时间呈提升趋势,且提升趋势显著。     

基于生态系统服务的闽江流域生态补偿阈值研究

研究目的：流域是自然地理和经济发展的复合型区域,科学划分补偿载体与合理补偿阈值可为流域生态补偿与生态保护修复提供科学依据。研究方法：InVEST 模型,市场价值法,影子工程法,生态补偿优先级与补偿阈值测算模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2015年闽江流域拥有较高的生态系统服务,总体上生态系统服务上游＞中游＞下游,且自生态补偿实施以来总体呈增长趋势,水源供给服务最为明显;（2）2015年生态系统服务价值为2 788.27亿元,其中水源供给服务价值占比达61.91%,水质净化服务价值仅占0.16%,按生境质量调整后生态系统服务价值为2 827.05亿元;（3）根据生态与社会经济状况确定浦城县、武夷山市、光泽县、松溪县、建阳市、顺昌县、建瓯市、政和县、连城县、宁化县、清流县、建宁县、明溪县、泰宁县、将乐县为受偿区,其他区域为补偿支付区;（4）依据区域生态系统服务价值与损失的机会成本,确定受偿区2015年补偿阈值介于8.48亿～105.56亿元之间。研究结论：闽江流域作为中国东南沿海的重点生态功能区,上游对生态补偿迫切程度整体较下游区域更强烈,探索有差异且合理的生态补偿阈值有助于实现区域经济—社会—生态协同发展。     

Communicating Food-Safety Risks to Key Stakeholders

In recent years, the public has become increasingly concerned about the safety of the food they eat. Anxieties are augmented each time there is a food crisis, with each new disease and resultant food safety concern adding to the perception that our food is no longer safe. Bridging the gap between the scientist/veterinarian, economist, farmer and consumer requires effective communication strategies. This article uses the example of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle to illustrate the difficulties of communicating food-safety risks when considerable uncertainty exists. Scientific data linking this disease to Crohn's disease in humans is contradictory and far from conclusive. We show how the Codex Alimentarius system can be used as a template for communicating risk in such situations. This is a four-stage process that addresses public perceptions of the risk and the public's related information requirements. One aim is to give peoples' concerns as much emphasis as the risk statistics in an open and honest debate. The example highlights the difficulty of deciding when and how best to instigate the process. However, positive collaboration between epidemiologists, public health specialists, economists, food marketers and policy-makers to work in conjunction with consumers of both food and animal health products and services is essential for a satisfactory outcome.     

Estimating the Potential Benefits of New Health Claims in Canada: The Case of Soluble Fiber and Soy Protein

Growing awareness of the link between diet and health has spurred growth in the functional food sector. Health Canada regulates allowable health claims on food products, and in recent years has approved health claims linking the consumption of soluble fiber from barley (2012) and psyllium (2011) to reduced/lower low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol levels, a major risk factor for heart disease. A health claim linking consumption of soy protein to reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is still under consideration. Using a cost‐of‐illness approach, this paper estimates the potential economic benefits of allowing health claims for soluble fiber and soy protein in terms of reductions in the direct and indirect costs of CHD. Parameters for the economic analysis are drawn from a meta‐analysis of scientific studies examining the effect of soluble fiber and soy protein on LDL‐cholesterol levels, as well as other scientific literature. While a barley soluble fiber health claim yields nontrivial benefits in a base case scenario equal to CAD$105 million annually and ranging from $42 million to $238 million in low and high scenarios, the potential benefits of a soy protein health claim appear to be several magnitudes larger at $549 million annually in the base case and ranging from $220 million to $1.25 billion in low/high scenarios. Given the relatively slow regulatory approval process for new health claims, there may be value in using economic estimates of potential gains to help prioritize health claims approval processes.     

食品检验检测中的质量控制措施探讨

随着社会的发展,人们的生活质量越来越高,越来越多的新兴食品进入人们的餐桌.但近年来,食品质量却屡屡出现问题.为保障人们的生命健康,相关部门应控制好食品检验检测的质量,确保食品安全.本文主要介绍了现阶段食品检验检测中存在的一些问题,并对这些问题提出了一些质量控制措施,以期对解决相关问题提供帮助.     

Did Futures Markets Stabilise US Grain Prices?

Though economists are divided over whether, in practice, futures markets reduce spot price volatility, observers of nascent nineteenth century US futures markets essentially praised the stabilising effects of this financial innovation. Indeed, such praise is understandable, particularly if, as the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and others assert, “violent” spot price fluctuations were common prior to, but not after, the 1870s; the same decade that grain trade historians typically associate with the birth of the modern futures contract. And whereas these events may be unrelated, the claim is intriguing because it requires that nineteenth century futures prices fulfil their price discovery function, a property that many modern futures markets do not possess. This paper explores what role, if any, the advent of futures trading may have had on spot price volatility. I corroborate the CBOT's assertion regarding diminished spot price volatility around the 1870s and show that early futures prices did indeed fulfil their price discovery function. Moreover, I address two alternative hypotheses that relate the decline in spot price volatility to the Civil War. Ultimately, I maintain that the evolution of futures markets is the principal proximate reason why commodity spot price volatility diminished.     

Legal systems, institutional environment, and food safety

In the aftermath of the recent food scares, the United States and the United Kingdom face major challenges to maintain a safe food system. Regulators on opposite sides of the Atlantic are facing rapid product and process innovations, changes in consumption behaviors, expansion of international trade, and discovery of new food hazards. The U.K. and the U.S. demonstrate different approaches to manage safety risks. This article will focus on two issues: the reasons behind the differences in the American and English policy approaches to food safety, and how these differences impact U.S. safety outcomes. A comparative legal framework is provided to understand how food safety is elicited in the economy and the incentive implications of the different institutional settings. These two different lenses, because they differ so, teach us about the fundamental sources of safety. The U.K.'s prevalent doctrine is parliamentary sovereignty and leads to a regulatory framework, while the U.S. is based on constitutional supremacy and relies on a legal framework. The source of safety under a regulatory framework is the government bureaucracy, while the U.S. legal framework provides an important point of departure—the constitutional standing of the firm and the consumer. We argue that while the U.K. system is structured to work through a regulatory framework to enhance the supply of safety in the economy, the U.S. system is much less directed. The legal system, the subject of this article, plays an important role not only in discouraging breach but also in acting as a check on the discretionary authority of the regulator. In the end, the U.S. and the U.K. may have equally safe food systems, but what differs is the fundamental source of the safety supply. The practical implication is that safety in the food system emerges from several sources, not just through regulation. Therefore, direct importation of U.K.‐style regulatory approaches may not be effective within a U.S. constitutional setting.     

Public works programmes and agricultural risk: Evidence from India

The agricultural sectors in many low- and middle-income countries remain highly vulnerable to weather risk, a vulnerability that will only intensify under climate change. The globally trending public works programmes have the potential to impact weather-related agricultural risk. I explore the impact of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) on weather-related agricultural risk. My empirical strategy explores the staggered roll-out of NREGA and random weather fluctuations. Using a nationwide panel of data, I find that NREGA makes crop yields more sensitive to low rainfall shocks. I posit that these results are consistent with a labour market channel, by which NREGA increases nonfarm labour supply in low rainfall years, and an income channel, by which NREGA leads to riskier agricultural practices. These results highlight the importance of understanding how social protection programmes shape agricultural risk.     

Building an Alliance for Biotechnology in Africa

Scholars and activists working from within a political economy perspective often fail to explore the distinct motives, interests and behaviours of powerful actors who appear to be working ‘as one’ on a common agenda. Such is the case in recent analyses of efforts to promote the use of biotechnology in Africa. While the critical literature largely focuses on the attempt to create what Peter Newell calls ‘bio‐hegemony’, the present paper explores the diverse interests and tensions that have to be worked out in order to build such pro‐biotechnology coalitions. I analyse the formation of an organization called the African Agricultural Technology Foundation to show how differences between two major pro‐biotech actors – the Rockefeller Foundation and the agricultural biotechnology industry – were negotiated, so that these actors could work together towards the goal of getting GM technologies used and accepted in Africa. In the process, I reveal the inward projection of power that occurred as the biotech companies effectively determined the structure and terms of this alliance.     

提高食品检验准确性的措施

食品安全问题会对人们的健康产生直接影响,研究最近几年的食品安全问题发现,政府与社会对于食品安全的关注度逐渐提高。为了真正保障食品安全,需要做好对应的食品检测,提高食品检测工作质量,进而为人们创造一个健康的生活环境,满足社会对于食品检验的要求。     

Inducing value and institutional learning effects in stated choice experiments using advanced disclosure and instructional choice set treatments

This article analyses the effect of inducing institutional and value learning in a choice experiment survey concerning food safety. Respondents were subjected to two types of treatments, namely, Advance Disclosure (ADV) and Instructional Choice Set (ICS). Employing a split‐sample setup, we test the effect of providing ICS and ADV in two treatment groups relative to a control group where learning is not induced. We further test and compare the effects of ADV and ICS directly against each other. We find some evidence that ICS reduces institutional uncertainty as intended. Moreover, the results suggest that both ICS and ADV could potentially remove a gender‐specific status‐quo bias.     

食品抽样工作的风险与防控措施研究

食品抽样工作作为保证食品安全的重要环节,与食品质量和人们的生命健康安全有着直接的联系。受外在因素的影响,目前在食品抽样过程中仍存在着许多风险,严重影响了抽样工作的落实效果。基于此,本文围绕食品抽样检验工作现状,对常见的风险问题进行分析,并提出相应的防控措施,以期能有效降低抽样风险点,保证食品的安全。