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1.
    
In this paper, we model production technology in a state‐contingent framework. We assume that all the firms use the same stochastic technology, but they may have different risk attitudes and information sets, and ex post they may operate in different production environments. Firms maximise ex ante their preference function subject to a stochastic technology constraint; in other words, they are assumed to act rationally, thereby leaving no room for either technical or allocative inefficiency. We provide a simple parametric functional form to represent the state‐contingent technology. Using simple numerical examples, we illustrate how optimal input–output choices are dramatically affected when firms have different preferences and information sets. Thus, we show that the observed disparateness of production choices among different firms can actually be attributed to the stochastic nature of the decision environment.  相似文献   

2.
    
This paper provides an overview of the literature on production under the influence of risk. Various specifications of stochastic production function such as models with additive and multiplicative uncertainty, Just and Pope model, output‐cubical, state‐allocable and state‐general models are discussed. Further, criteria determining optimal producer behaviour are derived for deterministic production technology and for various kinds of state‐contingent technologies such as output‐cubical, state‐specific, state‐allocable and state‐general technologies. Finally, a brief discussion is presented about the drawbacks of each of these specifications of technology.  相似文献   

3.
On Food Companies Liability for Obesity   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The U.S. food industry faces tobacco-style lawsuits for providing misleading information about health risks linked to the consumption of fatty products. This article investigates the link between alternative liability rules and the incentive for disclosing health information to consumers. We show that if the expected damage is relatively low, the absence of intervention is socially optimal. If the expected damage is not too high, mandatory labeling is socially optimal. Liability rules are only welfare-enhancing for high levels of risk and/or when consumers misperceive health warnings.  相似文献   

4.
    
We model production technology in a state‐contingent framework assuming that the firms maximise ex ante their preference function subject to stochastic technology constraint; in other words, firms are assumed to act rationally. We show that rational producers who face the same stochastic technology can make significantly different production choices. Further, we develop an econometric methodology to estimate the risk‐neutral probabilities, efficiency scores and the parameters of stochastic technology when there are two states of nature and only one of which is observed. Finally, we simulate noiseless data based on our state‐contingent specification of technology. Our state‐contingent estimator recovers technology parameters and other economic quantities of interest without any error. But, when we apply conventional efficiency estimators to the simulated data, we obtain biased estimates of technical efficiency.  相似文献   

5.
Leadership and the Provision of Safe Food   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Modern food production typically involves many interacting stages and two or more decision makers. There is reason to believe that inputs in determining quality likely complement. And it is not possible to regulate many of these inputs. In a food production system possessing these characteristics, we show that leadership by one or more firms through communicating actions may be used as a mechanism to increase overall food quality. As there may be no private incentive to lead, there may be strategic merit in assigning liability through legislation. We also suggest the possibility that genetics are leadership instruments in hog production systems.  相似文献   

6.
    
In this paper we examine empirically the predictive power of model‐free option‐implied variance and skewness in wheat, maize and soybeans derivative markets. We find that option‐implied risk‐neutral variance outperforms historical variance as a predictor of future realised variance for these three commodities. In addition, we find that risk‐neutral option‐implied skewness significantly improves variance forecasting when added in the information variable set. Variance risk premia add significant predictive power when included as an additional factor for predicting future commodity returns.  相似文献   

7.
陈钢 《现代食品》2022,28(2):45-47
全球经济一体化发展程度的加深使食品国际贸易得到了迅速发展,传统饮食上的地域限制逐渐被打破,在此发展背景下,影响食品行业的不安全因素也在不断增多。近年来,随着物质生活水平的不断提升,人们对食品安全的关注程度也在不断加深,在确保公平贸易、促进经济平稳高速发展的同时,做到有效规避风险、确保公众健康安全,是对食品安全的基本要求。本文主要分析了食品安全管理中,风险分析体系的作用及应用效果。  相似文献   

8.
结合国务院“12·2 3”重庆开县特大井喷事故调查领导小组对事故原因的总结 ,本文从标准化的角度分析了此次特大事故发生的主要原因。界定了与人体健康和安全、动植物生命和健康、环境保护等密切相关的国土资源标准的范围 ,提出了国土资源领域防止类似事故发生的标准化对策建议。  相似文献   

9.
旅游已成为世界重要的经济活动,而生态旅游又始终是世界旅游组织(WTO)关注并推荐的焦点。本文从介绍大安康观和国外生态旅游规划个案入手,探讨中国生态旅游业存在的问题,提出规范并发展中国“安康型”生态旅游的思路和建议。  相似文献   

10.
    
Researchers have spent substantial effort to identify factors influencing pesticide use intensity. However, few studies have compared the relative importance of these factors. This study examines four categories of factors that potentially influence farmers’ pesticide use decisions by evaluating incentivized experiment data, farm survey data, and remote sensing data in China. Our results suggest that land diversification has the largest effect on farmers’ pesticide use. Compared with the most rice-intensive landscape type, less rice-intensive systems cause farmers to spray less on middle rice. Heavy pesticide use intensity is associated with land fragmentation as small-scale farms still dominate crop production. Farmers’ integrated pest management knowledge has significant effects on pesticide use. We also find that loss and ambiguity preferences, rather than risk preferences, are more likely to affect pesticide use intensity.  相似文献   

11.
李艳辉 《现代食品》2021,27(1):57-59
粮食作为一种特殊商品,会给人们的日常生活带来直接影响,但是在粮食质量监测环节,会受到各种因素影响,导致安全问题的出现.基于此,构建一套完善的粮食质量监测安全管理体系是非常必要的.本文结合粮食质量安全目标,重点分析我国粮食质量安全体系建议.  相似文献   

12.
水利立法后评估体系构建研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
开展水利立法后评估是完善水利法治体系、提高立法水平和立法成效、扩大公众参与立法的重要方式和渠道。水利立法后评估应当遵循客观性、公开透明、系统全面、注重实效的评估原则,可采用系统分析、比较分析、社会调查等评估方法,从合法性、合理性、协调性、操作性、规范性、实效性6个方面对水法规进行评估。结合我国水利法治体系建设现状和水利立法后评估机制建设现状,应当健全水利立法后评估机制,统筹部署开展水利立法后评估工作,充分发挥水利智库在立法后评估中的作用。  相似文献   

13.
建立农产品质量监测系统是一项利国利民的重要举措,旨在促进农产品供应方面的结构体系改革,并建立农产品质量监测机制.建设农产品质量安全可追溯体系,对于政府来说可以加强对农产品安全的监控能力,对于农户来说可以提高履行生产和经营的责任,对于消费者来说可以增强消费者对农产品消费的信心.本文详细介绍了河南省农产品质量安全可追溯体系...  相似文献   

14.
Many studies quantifying individual risk preferences of test persons show that results of different measuring methods may vary. Additional reservations about the reliability of the results regarding the risk attitude measurement arise from the fact that most studies are based on convenience groups, such as students or businessmen in developing countries. With this in mind, we systematically compare different measuring methods to answer the question how the choice of method affects the results. Moreover, we compare the risk preferences of German farmers with those of students and Kazakhstani farmers to investigate whether farmers’ risk preferences can be approximated through those of convenience groups. The methods applied comprise an incentive‐compatible Holt‐and‐Laury‐lottery as well as two psychometric methods. Results show that students respond consistently across all three elicitation methods whereas German and Kazakhstani farmers are more inconsistent. Significant differences exist in the responses of German students and German farmers. The comparison of risk preferences between German and Kazakhstani farmers, however, reveals significant similarities with respect to the psychometric methods.  相似文献   

15.
郝明 《现代食品》2020,(3):153-155
食品安全是社会关注的重点问题,特别是校园食品安全问题,是相关部门监管的重点.作为人权之一的食物权得不到保障,对我国校园食品安全形成了挑战.需要探讨校园食品安全面临的问题,以寻求法治化保障对策,通过食品监管法治体系构建,强化学校主体责任,并加大对违法违规经营者的处罚力度,保障校园食品安全.  相似文献   

16.
本文就我国中小城市施行土地储备制度的现状,在对我国土地储备制度的定义、发展历程、运作机制进行概述的基础上,指出并详细分析了中小城市土地储备制度运行过程中存在的诸如储备机构功能定位不合理、资金来源单一、土地补偿标准不合理、城市规划不完善等多方面的问题,并就此提出相应对策,建议通过构建合理机构、扩大融资途径,制定合理补偿标准等途径来规范中小城市土地储备工作,提高储备机构运作效率,调控规范土地市场,促进中小城市长期健康发展。  相似文献   

17.
吕苏榆 《水利经济》2015,33(2):28-31
我国各地对待水务一体化的态度及具体实施模式不一,这与水务一体化制度保障体系不健全存在较大的关联性。我国已颁布了涉及\"水务一体化\"的国家政策,不少省市也出台了相关的地方性政策,但从法律法规层面来看,国家立法并未就\"水务一体化\"问题做出明确规定,除海南省、广州市外,其他省市地方立法均未直接规定\"水务一体化\"内容。由于相关立法前期研究尚不充分、中央机构设置与水务一体化不完全匹配,目前不宜贸然以国家立法方式强制推行水务一体化。建议近期我国已实施水务一体化的城市加强地方制度建设,但从长远来看,必须消除部门利益对政策制定的不当影响,一旦立法条件成熟,应以国家法律形式明确规定细致且具有可操作性的水务一体化制度。  相似文献   

18.
[目的]为完善北京市畜禽产品质量安全监管体系,提高北京市畜禽产品质量安全水平,进一步保障居民健康和社会稳定,构建包含政府、企业、消费者的多主体综合指标体系,对北京市畜禽产品质量安全监管绩效进行全面的评估。[方法]基于平衡计分卡,从工作业绩、相关利益体、内部管理、学习与成长4个维度构建监管绩效综合指标体系;运用层次分析法确认各层指标的权重,并采用模糊综合评价法实证评估北京市畜禽产品质量安全的监管绩效。[结果]北京市畜禽产品质量安全监管绩效综合评分达到4.17,监管绩效处于良好水平,并高于全国畜禽产品质量安全监管绩效平均水平;学习与成长维度监管绩效水平最高,但工作业绩与相关利益体维度存在一定的薄弱部分,对生产经营企业的监管力度和对消费者、社会组织的动员需要进一步加大。[结论]北京市畜禽产品质量安全监管绩效良好,但仍需完善。  相似文献   

19.
    
The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been promoted across Asia as a means to improve rice yields while decreasing water use and external inputs. It is argued to be a generalisable means by which to revalidate smallholder livelihoods and improve food security across the region. Current debates about SRI, however, remain predominantly technical in scope, focusing on field‐level outcomes. To more adequately understand the potential of SRI for smallholder farmers, we argue that it is necessary to situate SRI within a political ecology framework that addresses how the adoption and practice of SRI is shaped by uneven access to key assets including labour, water, and extension networks. Fieldwork conducted in Mahabubnagar district in Telangana, south India—where SRI had been widely disadopted despite the achievement of higher yields—is used to illustrate why agronomic analysis must engage directly with the complex social contexts in which farmers operate.  相似文献   

20.
[目的]良好的质量控制行为是保障农产品质量安全的关键。在计划行为理论框架下,利用河北、山东、江苏3省399份蛋鸡养殖户微观调研数据,研究养殖户质量控制行为选择及其影响因素。[方法]文章采用Ordered Logit模型和Logit模型分别分析各因素对养殖户质量控制行为综合指标和各环节单一指标的影响。[结果]现阶段有91.48%的养殖户已(规范)采取农产品质量控制行为;质量控制集中在生产过程和生产环境两个方面;在质量控制行为综合指标下,政府规制、生产标准、市场激励、风险态度、养殖规模和农户能力对养殖户质量控制行为选择具有显著正向影响;在质量控制行为单一指标下,影响各环节质量控制行为的因素存在差异。[结论]畜禽养殖采取全面质量控制行为是必然趋势,应进一步规范养殖户质量控制行为操作流程,普及农产品质量检测技术,完善农业生产与农产品质量安全政策体系。  相似文献   

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