休闲消费和休闲服务调查:国际经验与相关建议

在当前消费休闲化与休闲社会化、市场化的发展趋势下，进行休闲消费和休闲服务调查不仅是理论研究纵深发展的需要，更能为政府决策和企业经营提供科学依据。本文介绍了国内外休闲消费和休闲服务调查的进展情况，并就推动我国休闲消费和休闲服务调查发展提出了建议。     

近10年国外城市休闲研究：特征、比较与启示

休闲是衡量城市社会文明和居民生活质量的标尺,城市的进步伴随着休闲的发展。基于Elsevier Science Direct数据库,对2000～2010年与城市休闲相关的文献进行检索和分类分析,研究发现,国外对城市休闲的研究多采用理论综述、问卷调查、模型设计与定量评价、GIS数据分析、视频跟踪描述、案例比较说明等方法;研究内容包括城市休闲理论、城市休闲价值与影响、城市休闲主体、城市休闲客体和城市休闲管理与保障等5大研究模块;基于地理学对城市休闲的研究占研究论文总量的25％,主要包括对城市公园、绿地、自然保护区、海滨等休闲空间的规划、开发,休闲项目评价管理等研究;国内外学者在城市休闲定位、城市休闲空间建设方向选择、城市休闲主体研究等方面存在研究内容的差异。城市休闲产业建设、自然与人文休闲空间规划及环境可持续问题、休闲旅游等是现阶段城市休闲研究的重要课题。     

女性休闲障碍因素探析——以杭州为例

本文以经济学、管理学、社会学等多门学科理论与方法为指导,对杭州市女性休闲行为进行了系统的问卷调查,深入分析了女性休闲的障碍因素.研究结果显示,时间障碍和收入障碍构成城市女性休闲活动的主要障碍;城市女性休闲障碍因年龄、就业状况、学历、收入等不同存在显著差异.高学历女性享有较多的休闲时间,高收入女性能够支付较高水平的休闲花费.人际障碍对女性休闲的负面影响不大.杭州女性休闲呈现明显的外向性、物质性的特点.这些发现有助于相关部门和企业深入理解我国女性体闲的障碍因素,对其制定有针对性的政策和营销策略来消除女性休闲障碍、提高女性休闲质量具有重要参考价值.     

城市居民休闲行为特征研究--以成都市为例

2000年3月至2001年8月对成都市1673名普通市民和1893名歌舞、茶楼、电影、公园休闲者进行了抽样和访谈调查，在此基础上对市民公众和四项项目休闲者的休闲方式、休闲频率、每次活动时间、费用、休闲目的、所持态度做了详细分析，并总结出普通公众的一般休闲行为特征与四项目休闲者各自的行为差异规律。     

国际休闲研究动向与我国休闲研究主要命题刍议

西方关于休闲学的研究已有100多年历史,也已具备相当的理论与实践积累,成果颇丰,当前呈现出多学科综合交叉研究动向.我国休闲研究起步10年,出现了一批理论成果.随着社会经济文化的发展,我国面临诸多与休闲相关的问题,休闲研究显得极为紧迫.本文借鉴国外研究动向与现实课题,尝试性提出我国目前休闲研究的主要命题.     

城市休闲产业与产品的发展导向研究——基于休闲需求结构与行为的分析

本文运用产业经济学原理,将理论研究与统计分析相结合,研究说明两个问题：（1）基于休闲需求结构分析的城市休闲产业发展导向;（2）基于休闲消费行为分析的城市休闲产品发展导向。研究成果的指导意义在于：试图为城市休闲产业与产品发展指明道路。     

休闲农业研究进展及其若干理论问题

本文对国内外在休闲农业概念、资源开发与空间布局、产品开发与市场营销、产业分析、宏观管理、休闲农业与乡村可持续发展等方面的研究进展进行了综述。据此及我国当前休闲农业实践中存在的问题，提出了今后休闲农业研究的四个理论问题：1．休闲农业的本质与乡村性；2．休闲农业经营主体与政策立足点；3．城乡互动与城郊型休闲农业的空间布局；4．体验经济与休闲农业产品开发。     

国内外休闲研究扫描--兼谈建立我国休闲学科体系的设想

本文全面地介绍了国内外休闲研究的发展背景、演变历程、研究现状、相关机构和代表文献，提供了一个把握休闲研究脉络和体系的图景，并就建立适合我国国情的休闲学科研究体系提出了设想。     

中国旅游发展笔谈——我们时代的休闲与旅游（四）——休闲、旅游及其相关概念之辨析

休闲、旅游及其相关概念是休闲学与旅游学研究的理论基石。而目前国内对于休闲、旅游及其相关概念的认识不仅没有统一，而且还相当混乱，这就在一定程度上影响和制约着休闲学与旅游学的健康发展。有关研究指出，一个学科之所以迟迟不能达到规范化，其研究水平之所以很难提高，至为关键的问题是作为学科基础的方法论落后。要想提高学科研究的理论分析水平，没有捷径可走，必须在基础理论上下工夫，夯实学科的理论基础（中国社会科学院科研局，1998）。鉴于此，笔者借鉴国内外相关研究成果，试图对休闲、旅游及其相关概念进行辨析，以就教于大方。     

城市休闲产业与产品发展导向研究——基于休闲需求结构与行为的分析

本文运用产业经济学原理,将理论研究与统计分析相结合,研究说明两个问题:(1)基于休闲需求结构分析的城市休闲产业发展导向;(2)基于休闲消费行为分析的城市休闲产品发展导向.研究成果的指导意义在于:试图为城市休闲产业与产品发展指明道路.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands

This paper addresses the need to better understand tourist pressure in selected regions of the Shetland Islands, United Kingdom, using measures of space, time, perception, region, and core-periphery. Normally an economic theory, core-periphery was applied in the context of this study as a locational and mental construct in examining tourism group movement (behavior). Respondents were placed into two groups on the basis of their activitybased motivations for visiting Shetland and asked to complete a daily space-time budget regarding their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation. It was discovered that both groups differed marginally in their space-time use of the aforementioned variables within the various regions of Shetland.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.