The 'Socialism' of Léon Walras and His Economic Thinking

A bstract . Léon Walras was one of the few outstanding 19th century economists who, though as a theoretician belonged to the mainstream of orthodox economics , expressed views which at one time were considered to be too radical. He advocated in particular the nationalization of land as the solution to the social problem. This would generate sufficient revenue to government to enable it to do away with taxing income derived from wages and salaries. As a result workers would be in a position to invest their untaxed income and thus acquire their rightful share in the national wealth. Contrary to what many have argued, such 'socialistic' policy was not incompatible with Walras' theoretical model of perfect competition. In the absence of private ownership of land and natural resources , there would be no place for big enterprises and monopolies. His great compromise was: allow social reforms in the realm of distribution, but promote lassser-faire in the production of goods and services. Walras was convinced that if, on top of a radical land reform, the State sought to secure the working of a free competitive system , then the economic system could function very closely to the theoretical model. Though there are flaws in his proposals, his ideas no longer appear as preposterous as they did in his own time.     

The Walras core of an economy and its limit theorem

The Walras core of an economy is the set of allocations that are attainable for the consumers when their trades are constrained to be based on some agreed price system, such that no alternative price system exists for any sub-coalition that allows all members to trade to something better. As compared with the Edgeworth core, both coalitional improvements and being a candidate allocation for the Walras core become harder. The Walras core may even contain allocations that violate the usual Pareto efficiency. Nevertheless, the competitive allocations are the same under the two theories, and the equal-treatment Walras core allocations converge under general conditions to the competitive allocations in the process of replication.     

An existence theorem for Cournot–Walras equilibria in a monopolistically competitive economy

We establish an existence theorem for Cournot–Walras equilibria in a monopolistically competitive economy. Instead of the traditional approach which depends on Kakutani’s fixed point theorem, we employ the theories of aggregative games and best reply potential games. We show that, if there exists a representative consumer, under some conditions on preferences and production technologies, the profit maximization game is a (pseudo) best reply potential game. Hence, the existence of the equilibria is proved independently of the well known convex-valued assumption on the best responses. Although our assumptions result in the additive separability on a utility function of a representative consumer, the existence of increasing returns and indivisible productions can be allowed. In our model, it is shown that the game played by firms exhibits strategic substitutes whether the products of firms are substitutes or complements, and this plays an important role for the existence of the equilibria.     

Some consequences of the unknottedness of the Walras correspondence

Two basic properties concerning the dynamic behavior of competitive equilibria of exchange economies with complete markets are derived essentially from the fact that the Walras correspondence has no knots.     

A continuous double implementation of the constrained Walras equilibrium

We provide a continuous and feasible double implementation of the Walras equilibrium. In our game form the set of traders is partitioned intok subsets,k>-2, and for each member of the partition there is an (outside) auctioneer. Also, each agent announces a price-allocation pair so that all agents become price takers. The outcome allocation is defined as the feasible (and budget balanced) allocation which is closest to the aggregate announced allocation. No assumptions are made on the preferences of the traders.     

Walras degrees and probability of a blocking coalition at pareto allocations

We attempt to determine the probability of a blocking coalition from a notion of being non- Walrasian which does not rely on the explicit use of norms. The key concept introduced is that of Walras degrees. Theorem 1 gives the bounds of the probability of blocking in terms of these degrees. Theorem 2 gives the asymptotic conditional probability of a blocking coalition given that coalitions are losing. The relationship between the degrees of the conventional norms on allocations is also investigated.     

Menger, Jevons, and Walras Un-homogenized, De-homogenized, and Homogenized: A Comment on Peart

Abstract . Response to Sandra J, Peart, “Jevons and Menger Re-homogenized?: Jaffé After 20 Years,” 1998. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57(July): 307-325.     

作业成本法对经营杠杆的影响

本文运用了作业成本法中的成本性态分析对传统的DOL模型进行改进,研究了作业成本法下各成本因素对DOL的影响方向,并分析了两种成本计算基础下DOL的差异。文章的结论是,引入作业成本法的经营杠杆效应分析更为客观、准确,对经营者的决策有较强的指导意义。     

教育对就业的影响

提要本文首先从我国的教育现状,产业结构和劳动力资源之间的结构性矛盾,来说明发展教育不仅是提高就业质量,扩大就业规模的根本途径,同时也是实现包括教育公平、就业公平在内的社会公平的内在要求;其次从提高教育效益,促进就业发展的角度提出政策建议,以供参考。     

浅谈地下水对工程施工的影响

在当前土木工程施工中,地下水的影响越来越受到人们的重视,已然成为重要的研究课题。本文通过对地下水性质及特点进行分析论述,综合提出地下水对工程施工产生的若干主要影响,为问题的进一步研究和解决奠定基础。     

Internet网对建筑业经济的影响

Internet网已家喻户晓,电子商务也已耳熟能祥,网上建筑业在悄然兴起。Internet网的应用可降低建筑业成本,改变建筑业的经济,提高建筑业的经济效益,改善建筑业的管理方法。     

个体人格对员工忠诚度的影响

人格理论常常在法律、道德、政治、哲学、心理学等领域应用，随着组织行为学在人们当今管理中的重要性日益体现，人格理论在管理学界也得到了广泛的应用，但在应用的过程中仍然存在着一些盲点。本试图建立一个人格——员工忠诚度模型，并对其作出合理的解释，提出基于人格建构的提高员工忠诚度的方法。     

会计环境对会计发展的影响

在经济快速发展、会计日益重要的时代,会计理论与会计实务随着会计环境的不断变化而不断发展,会计环境对会计的发展有着重要的影响.分析会计环境的变化,有利于构建适应环境的会计理论,为开展会计实务活动提供依据.     

注浆对地基沉降量的影响关系

对于软粘土型路基,在车辆行驶时会产出不均匀沉降,沉降量可以通过分层总和法进行计算,地面接触压力、土体的自重应力、土层的压缩模量均是影响沉降的重要因素。地面的接触压力是外界影响因素,由于外界条件的限制而无法改变,而土体的自重应力、土层的压缩模量均可以通过注浆来改变,注浆后,土体自重和压缩模量将会提高,通过力学分析,得出一个注浆对地基沉降量的影响关系,可供设计与施工参考。     

会计环境对会计发展的影响

在经济快速发展、会计日益重要的时代,会计理论与会计实务随着会计环境的不断变化而不断发展,会计环境对会计的发展有着重要的影响。分析会计环境的变化,有利于构建适应环境的会计理论,为开展会计实务活动提供依据．     

成都景观体系演变对水体的影响

人体中的65%是水,自从规划者认识到水对人的生理作用和心理作用,城市亲水空间的设计便越来越受到人们的重视。本文根据景观生态学的基本原理,将城镇建设用地、水体分别作为两种景观斑块,自然生态为基质。分析三者组成的景观体系在城市发展中的演化。发现城镇建设用地和自然生态分别以不同的方式作用于水体,从而影响着人们的亲水性。     

Influence of Trade‐Level Coordination Problems on Project Productivity

This study aims to investigate the influence of coordination problems in glass and metal curtain wall (GMCW) installation on project productivity in Singapore. Trade‐level coordination problems in GMCW installation were identified through literature review and included in a survey questionnaire. The survey results indicated that, on average, 66.5 days of rework and 52.5 days of waiting resulted from coordination problems, and that “last‐minute changes in design by the client” led to the longest rework and waiting time. Additionally, the rework and waiting time caused by trade‐level coordination problems were correlated with the total rework and waiting time.     

研发投入对企业盈利能力的影响研究

本文以计算机、通信与其他电子设备制造业137家上市公司2012至2014年三年的面板数据为研究样本,利用回归分析法研究研发投入对公司盈利能力的影响。针对性地选取销售毛利率作为被解释变量,同时为解决自变量之间的共线性,首先对其进行了主成分分析。研究结果表明计算机、通信与其他电子设备制造业研发投入与企业盈利能力正相关,但对其影响不具有滞后性。     

周围环境变化对路基沉降变形的影响

近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,人们也越来越重视公路的发展。文章主要研究环境与岩土工程之间相互作用,在黄土路基因为长期浸水的条件下,导致路基的不均匀沉降工程实例,探究周围环境变化对路基沉降变形的影响,旨在提供一定的参考和帮助。