虚拟资本市场发展对货币政策效果冲击的理论分析

虚拟资本市场发展对货币政策的冲击效应在实践中表现得愈来愈明显,突出体现在六个方面:一是虚拟资本市场发展延缓了货币政策传导的时滞;二是虚拟资本市场发展削弱了中央银行货币发行的垄断权;三是虚拟资本市场发展降低了货币供求的稳定性;四是虚拟资本市场发展打破了货币供应量增长与物价间的稳定联系;五是虚拟资本市场发展增大了货币政策效果的不可预期性;六是虚拟资本市场发展使货币政策的利率调控效果受到影响.因此,货币当局在货币政策操作时不得不将虚拟资本市场的发展状况作为一个因素予以考虑.     

虚拟资本市场发展对货币政策的冲击效应

虚拟资本市场发展对货币政策的冲击效应在实践中表现得愈来愈明显,货币当局在货币政策操作时必然将虚拟资本市场的发展状况作为一个因素予以考虑。本文分析了虚拟资本市场发展对货币政策中间目标选择、传导机制以及货币政策效果等各个层面冲击效应的具体表现与原因;并通过引入虚拟资本市场发展因素,建立改进的IS-LM模型,对虚拟资本市场发展导致货币政策效果减弱的原因给出了理论解释。     

货币政策前瞻性指引有助于稳定经济——基于预期视角的数量分析

预期在广义虚拟经济中处于重要地位,是经济活动的主要驱动力之一,而货币政策前瞻性指引即是通过引导公众形成对货币政策的预期以达到维护经济稳定的目的。本文在新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型框架下,运用贝叶斯方法,从预期的角度研究我国货币政策前瞻性指引需针对的主要经济目标及预期冲击影响宏观经济的数量特征。研究发现,货币政策预期冲击的短期效应更强;货币政策预期冲击对通胀的影响显著,其次是对就业的影响,对产出、消费、投资和资本的影响相对较小;通胀与产出、消费、投资和资本同方向波动。实行货币政策前瞻性应主要针对通胀和就业目标,引导公众形成可预期的货币政策环境有助于维护宏观经济的稳定。     

货币政策:寻求新工具

资本市场尤其是证券市场的快速成长,对金融运行产生了两方面重大影响,一是企业大规模从股市直接融资,银行信贷供应资金的机制趋弱;二是居民现金大量流入股市,居民金融资产的证券化趋势加强。虚拟的资本增值或贬值实际改变了全社会的资金总量和结构,使货币政策调节宏观资金供应量的难度加大,政策效果的不确定性增加。本文通过探究货币政策与证券市场相互影响的内在机理,试图寻求对证券市场调控更为有效的新型货币政策工具。     

跨境资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响研究——基于系统性风险视角的分析

日益频繁的跨境资本流动势必引发系统性风险，进而对货币政策有效性造成冲击，严重威胁我国的经济金融稳定。本文构建四部门DSGE模型并利用脉冲响应函数及模拟技术检验跨境资本流动对我国货币政策有效性的影响。研究发现，跨境资本流动加速了我国系统性风险累积过程，价格型与数量型货币政策的有效性均受到削弱。因此，随着我国经济国际化进程的不断加深，仅仅依靠传统货币政策已经无法有效应对系统性风险，需要采取更多样的措施。     

当前新兴经济体经济增长放缓的对策分析

2014年以来,新兴经济体国家经济增速急剧放缓,经济发展陷入了困境.为了促进经济发展,不同的新兴经济体国家应采取不同的政策措施.存在潜在产出缺口的国家应实行宽松的货币政策,以恢复经济基本面为首要任务;资本外流严重、经济对国际市场价格敏感的国家应实行不同程度的资本流动管制措施;经济对出口依赖较高的国家应选择弱势货币政策,以刺激出口增长;资源净进口国应实行强势货币政策,否则本币贬值将抵消国际大宗商品价格下降所带来的成本优势;资源净出口国应实行弱势货币政策,本币贬值有助于抵消国际市场价格下降所造成的贸易损失.     

中国资本账户开放的国际经验借鉴

文章认真分析了法国、日本、韩国、印度等国在本国资本账户逐步开放过程中,采取的财政与货币政策以及在危机期间的应对措施,通过借鉴这些国家的成功经验和失败的教训,对我国资本账户开放提出了建议。     

国际投机资本对实体经济的冲击与防范

伴随着金融全球化 ,国际投机资本的规模在不断膨胀 ,并通过汇率、证券价格、房地产价格、货币政策四个渠道对各国实体经济产生冲击。从单方行动角度看 ,一国可以采取资本项目管制、稳定宏观经济形势、健全银行系统等措施来限制国际投机资本的冲击 ;从国际协作角度看 ,对高杠杆操作实施全球统一监管标准是较为可行的方案。     

银行过度风险承担及货币政策与逆周期资本调节的配合

商业银行在日常的经营活动中,必然会承担一定的风险。因此,相比已有的讨论货币政策和银行风险承担行为的研究,本文研究的核心问题是货币政策对银行过度风险承担行为的影响。本文在理论模型的基础上,用银行业贷款审批条件指数来测度银行过度风险承担行为,经实证发现,在宽松的货币政策环境下,银行会放松贷款审批条件,从而承担过度的风险。本文建议央行在货币政策调控过程中应同时采取逆周期的资本调节措施来抵消货币政策对银行过度风险承担产生的影响,并对央行实施逆周期资本调节的频率、步幅和时机,以及存款准备金率的逆周期调节作用提出了明确建议。     

我国资本市场货币政策传导效应阻滞及其疏导

随着资本市场的发展,资本市场已成为货币政策传导的重要渠道,然而由于我国资本市场发展不规范,货币政策的 传导效应受到严重阻滞。本文全面分析了资本市场中存在的阻碍货币政策传导效应的种种因素,并提出了相应的疏导措施。     

Monetary policy implications of short-term capital flows in Turkey

The advent of global financial crisis in 2008, unleashed volatile short term capital flows to the emerging markets. This has forced many central banks in the developing world to adopt innovative policy measures to address concerns related to financial instability caused by the volatile nature of capital flows. In 2010 Turkish Central Bank included financial stability in addition to price stability as one of primary goals of its monetary policy. Several macro-prudential measures had been taken and ‘corridor system’ of setting the short-term policy rates had been introduced. In this paper, we have estimated an extended Taylor rule, using error correction model, to examine the impact of global financial factors in impacting the setting up of the policy rate in the pre and post 2010 periods in Turkey. It has been found that in the post-2010 period, global financial factors and monetary policy stance of the core economy, USA, have become major factor(s) in shaping up the monetary policy. Particularly our results of variance decomposition show that global financial indicators such as, VIX and EMBI have taken prominence in the setting of the short-term policy rate. This has not only made the domestic monetary more dependent on external factors but has also made pro-cyclical in nature.     

美联储量化宽松政策对全球资产价格的非平衡溢出效应

本文采用全局向量自回归模型分析了美联储QE对采用不同货币政策框架、汇率制度和资本流动管理制度国家和地区的不同影响。“货币政策钉住货币供应量+宽松钉住汇率制度+资本账户可兑换”的国家其货币政策应兼顾本国物价水平稳定，同时加强宏观审慎政策对资产价格的逆周期调节，避免出现实体经济紧缩而金融繁荣的现象。“货币政策钉住通货膨胀+浮动汇率+资本账户可兑换”的国家应强化宏观审慎政策对资产价格的调节以应对金融资产泡沫。     

人民币汇率、国际资本流动与货币政策有效性研究*——基于修正BGT模型的实证分析

本文采用修正的BGT模型,实证研究了国际资本流动影响因素以及央行在面对国内外资本市场波动、金融体系变迁等情形下,货币政策实施方式及其效果。结果显示,随着意愿结售汇制度的实行和人民币汇率弹性的增强,央行的货币自主性得以加强;在开放环境下,国际资本流动受国内外利差、资本市场溢价、货币政策及汇率制度和外汇管理制度的影响。面对这些国内外冲击,央行进行了央票冲销或调整准备金率等的反向货币政策操作,以实现货币政策目标。     

资产价格与货币政策

随着资本市场的发展和金融资产存量的增加 ,资产价格的波动对货币政策提出了诸多挑战。本文讨论了资产价格与货币政策目标的关系 ;资产价格在货币政策传导过程中对消费、投资和金融体系的影响 ;以及货币政策操作中有关资产价格的争论 ;最后提出了这一研究领域中存在的问题     

Capital Controls,Global Liquidity Traps,and the International Policy Trilemma*

The zero bound on interest rates introduces a new dimension to the trilemma in international policy. The openness of the international financial market might render monetary policy ineffective, even within a system of fully flexible exchange rates, because shocks that lead to a liquidity trap in one country are propagated through financial markets to other countries. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be restored by the imposition of capital controls. We derive the optimal response of monetary policy to a global liquidity trap in the presence of capital controls. We show that, even though capital controls might facilitate effective monetary policy, capital controls are not generally desirable in terms of welfare.     

How does capital regulation react to monetary policy? New evidence on the risk-taking channel

Before the subprime crisis, financial stability was a microprudential issue addressed by capital regulation and unrelated to monetary policy. The financial crisis put this paradigm to the test and turned the spotlight on the relationship between financial stability and monetary policy. Hence, the following question arises: how does capital regulation react to monetary policy? This article seeks to answer this question. We analyze the link involving monetary policy and capital regulation through the risk-taking channel in Brazil. The findings suggest that banks react to monetary policy by changing the amount of loan provisions as well as the capital adequacy ratio (CAR). An important novelty of the study is the evidence that there is no trade-off between provisions and CAR, which are important tools used by banking supervisors. The key result of the article is that banks react to the macroeconomic environment differently from what is expected by banking supervision, i.e., there exists a paradox between the microprudential view and the macroprudential view. Thus, in terms of practical implication, a banking supervision strategy for financial stability must take into account the effects of monetary policy.     

金融危机、货币政策与信贷供给*——基于公司层面银行信贷数据的经验研究

不同的银行特征会对金融危机和货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道产生异质性影响。本文运用2001-2015年公司层面银行信贷数据实证检验了我国货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道,随后进一步研究金融危机对不同特征银行信贷供给的影响差异。经验研究发现：我国货币政策银行信贷渠道主要通过非国有控股银行传导,并引起不同资产负债表特征银行信贷供给的异质性反应。银行规模越大、流动性越强、资本充足率越高,银行信贷供给对货币政策越不敏感。金融危机期间,银行信贷渠道的传导效率显著降低,高资本充足水平的银行和国有控股银行受金融危机的冲击较小,并且宽松的货币政策对国有控股银行信贷供给调控的效率更高。     

How does credit supply respond to monetary policy and bank minimum capital requirements?

We use data on UK banks׳ minimum capital requirements to study the interaction of monetary policy and capital requirement regulation. UK banks were subject to both time-varying capital requirements and changes in interest rate policy. Tightening of either capital requirements or monetary policy reduces the supply of lending. Lending by large banks reacts substantially to capital requirement changes, but not to monetary policy changes. Lending by small banks reacts to both. There is little evidence of interaction between these two policy instruments. The differences in the responses of small and large banks identify important distributional consequences within the financial system of these two policy instruments. Finally, our findings do not corroborate theoretical models that raise concerns about complex interactions between monetary policy and macro-prudential variation in capital requirements.     

我国货币政策与股票市场的实证分析

资本市场是现代金融市场最主要构成部分之一,对实际经济生活的影响日益增大。通过我国股票市场与经济增长的实证检验可知,货币政策与资本市场是一种互动关系。一方面,中央银行的货币政策会直接或间接地影响资本市场;另一方面,资本市场的发展对货币政策及其传导机制有深刻的影响。     

Mortgage Credit: Denmark’s Financial Capacity Building Regime

ABSTRACT

The integration of small states into the international financial system has constrained their ability to enact the traditional macroeconomic tools of fiscal and monetary policy. As systems of mortgage credit are tightly integrated into global capital markets and influence flows of capital between states, this paper uses Denmark as a case study to explore whether domestic mortgage sector reforms have been used to build financial capacity to compensate for the loss of economic policy autonomy. The results of this analysis suggest that the Danish government has actively used mortgage credit to meet three specific macroeconomic objectives since the 1980s: (1) mortgage credit was restricted in the 1980s to resolve Denmark's persistent balance of payments problem; (2) liberalisations of mortgage credit in the 1990s and 2000s allowed the Danish government to stimulate the economy via privatised/house-price Keynesianism and reduce their sovereign debt burden; and (3) mortgage credit has been used as a form of privatised monetary policy, allowing Denmark to break-free from the ‘iron-cage’ of the Mundell-Fleming trilemma. It is in these specific ways that the Danish government has used mortgage reforms to achieve macroeconomic policy autonomy and navigate economic challenges whilst adhering to the constraints of the international financial system.