PDE approach to valuation and hedging of credit derivatives

This paper presents a PDE approach in a Markovian setting to hedge defaultable derivatives. The arbitrage price and the hedging strategy for an attainable contingent claim are described in terms of solutions of a pair of coupled PDEs. For some standard examples of defaultable claims, we provide explicit formulae for prices and hedging strategies.     

Pricing credit card loans with default risks: a discrete-time approach

The main purpose of this paper is to modify the Jarrow and van Deventer model by using Das and Sundaram (Manag Sci 46:46–62, 2000) model to extend the Heath–Jarrow–Morton (J Finan Quant Anal 25:419–440, 1990) term-structure model to facilitate the consideration of default risks for pricing credit card loans. Furthermore, we derive closed-form solutions within a continuous-time framework. In addition, we also provide a numerical method for the evaluation of credit card loans within a discrete-time framework. Using the market segmentation argument to describe the characteristics of the credit card industry, our simulation results show that the shapes of the forward rate and forward spread (default risk premium) term structures play extremely important roles in determining the value of credit card loans.     

The demand for and supply of deposits by credit unions: The Caisses populaires' case

The aim of the study is to explain Quebec major credit union's deposit market by way of intergrating its public demand function with the institution's rate-setting operation. The demand for Caisses' deposits is specified as a dynamic stock adjustment model. On the other hand, the intermediary's rate-setting reduced form is derived from a risk-return portfolio balance model which the managers maximize the expected utility of reserves. The two models are integrated by means of a liability composite rate. Econometric estimates of the integrated model provide us with interesting policy insights. For instance, the Quebecois public views chartered banks' deposits as a weak substitute for Caisses' deposits; it is also more responsive to non-rate arguments, such as loan eligibility or the institution's ethnic appeal. On the supply side, competitive liability rates are more important than returns on assets when the Caisses set its deposit rate. Finally, the impact growth imbalance between loans and deposits is well captured by a flow variable, without infringing on the steady-state determination based on rates.     

Long term spread option valuation and hedging

This paper investigates the valuation and hedging of spread options on two commodity prices which in the long run are in dynamic equilibrium (i.e., cointegrated). The spread exhibits properties different from its two underlying commodity prices and should therefore be modelled directly. This approach offers significant advantages relative to the traditional two price methods since the correlation between two asset returns is notoriously hard to model. In this paper, we propose a two factor model for the spot spread and develop pricing and hedging formulae for options on spot and futures spreads. Two examples of spreads in energy markets – the crack spread between heating oil and WTI crude oil and the location spread between Brent blend and WTI crude oil – are analyzed to illustrate the results.     

全币种信用卡时代来临

全币种信用卡时代已经全面来袭。消费者应根据自身消费偏好,对比分析信用卡的相应指标,选择适合自己的全币种信用卡。     

信用卡卡片管理系统的设计与实现

随着银行卡业务的不断发展，特别是全国金融机构实施银联标准以后，银行卡的发卡数量迅速增长。银行卡卡片的发卡过程需要经过制卡、传递、领取等多个环节，对安全性、规范性、有序性有着很高的要求。在这整个过程中，工商银行浙江省分行（以下简称“省分行”）的银行卡业务一直以来缺少一个能有效进行全过程管理的工具。为了加强信用卡卡片的信息化管理。对卡片的各流转环节进行严密的流程管理，切实提高各级机构对信用卡卡片的监控能力，省分行在省分行银行卡处的综合需求基础之上，开发了信用卡卡片管理系统。本详细阐述此系统的设计与实现过程。[第一段]     

The demand for and supply of deposits by credit unions: The Caisses Populaires' case reply and comments

Smith points out rightly that the symbol R refers to two different, though each time well defined, concepts in Chateau's (1980) article in this Journal. His claim, however, that this leads to a misspecification of the theoretical model is erroneous, and is refuted. Further it is shown explicitly under which conditions the maximization of expected utility of reserves is consistent with balance-sheet growth. For the Caisses' system acting within the Quebec institutional and regulatory environment, the growth-cum-managerial-discretion model is theoretically appealing, as well as supported by the available empirical evidence.     

The demand for and supply of deposits by credit unions: The Caisses populaires' case correction and comment

This note corrects an error in accounting terminology made by Chateau (1980) in this journal. That error leads to an important misspecification of the theoretical model. Moreover, it is argued that, even given the correction, the assumption that the caisse will maximize the expected utility of reserves is not in general consistent with the assumed underlying motivation to maximize deposit growth.     

Country risk analysis: The demand and supply of sovereign loans

Tis paper develops a general model of the demand and supply of loans made to the public sector of a third-world country. Its objective is to identify the critical variables of demand and supply and to discuss the current international financial situation within this framework. On the supply side, these loans are treated as part of an optimal portfolio decision while the demand for external loans by a lesser developed country is based on a life-cycle hypothesis of development. After conditions for market equilibrium are established, credit rationing, instability, and default probabilities are discussed.     

信用卡产业的机遇与挑战

尽管目前中国的信用卡发卡量已经达到2亿多张,质量却不容乐观。由于前几年各家银行在发卡方面出现了一些＂跑马圈地＂的行为,使得信用卡的使用率非常低,甚至出现了大量的睡眠卡。近几年来,各家银行逐渐认识到加强经营管理的重要性,不再单纯重视＂量＂的提升,而是将为持卡人提供更新更好的服务作为工作的重点。     

一起信用卡诈骗案件评析

案情简介1998年被告人陈某在明知自己无偿还能力的情况下,仍持其牡丹卡、太平洋卡先后在江苏省无锡市、常熟市、上海市、杭州市、深圳市和东莞市等地,采用小额取现、刷卡消费等手段,恶意透支190笔,共计透支数额181008.82元。张家港市人民检察院以被告人陈某犯信用卡诈骗罪,向张家港市人民法院提起     

创建信用卡品牌资产

据CTR市场研究发布的<2008年中国城市居民信用卡使用状况及品牌表现研究报告>显示,中国内地大多数信用卡持有者对信用卡品牌持冷漠态度,仅有1/5用户忠诚于信用卡品牌.高比例的品牌冷漠者和低水平的忠诚度说明,中国信用卡市场存在较强的同质化现象,各品牌间尚未形成显著差异,市场竞争还停留在产品和服务竞争的初级阶段.     

信用卡凭证处理的加速器——记中国建设银行四川省分行影像处理系统的成功运用

随着工行、招行、建行等国内大中型商业银行相继发布或更新贷记卡、国际卡等信用卡系统,以及中、农、交行贷记卡项目的启动,国内信用卡市场正进入一个提升业务模式、规范业务运作、加速国际接轨、系统更新换代、竞争更趋激烈、创新更为活跃的新时期,如何提升信用卡凭证处理效率     

Financial literacy and shrouded credit card rewards

Credit card companies charge an interchange fee for each transaction, and almost half of this fee is returned to consumers in the form of a reward or perk program. Among credit card users who do not use cards for borrowing (convenience users), rewards are a means to negotiate the implicit price of the interchange fee. Any consumer whose time cost is less than the value of rebates should rationally choose a reward card. Half of convenience users do not own a reward card. We hypothesize that credit card companies segment customers by marketing non-salient credit card characteristics to appeal to naïve consumers while offering lower-price cards (net the rebate) to compete for more sophisticated consumers as suggested in Gabaix and Laibson (2006). Consumer sophistication is measured using a 20-question financial literacy instrument in a large national data set. When household characteristics such as education, income and wealth are controlled in a multivariate analysis, respondents in the highest financial literacy quintile were twice as likely to own a rewards card. The relation between literacy and reward cards provides evidence that credit card rebates resemble other markets where hidden product attributes create a welfare transfer from naïve to sophisticated consumers.     

Institutional demand pressure and the cost of corporate loans

Between 2001 and 2007, annual institutional funding in highly leveraged loans went up from $32 billion to $426 billion, accounting for nearly 70% of the jump in total syndicated loan issuance over the same period. Did the inflow of institutional funding in the syndicated loan market lead to mispricing of credit? To understand this relation, we look at the institutional demand pressure defined as the number of days a loan remains in syndication. Using market-level and cross-sectional variation in time-on-the-market, we find that a shorter syndication period is associated with a lower final interest rate. The relation is robust to the use of institutional fund flow as an instrument. Furthermore, we find significant price differences between institutional investors’ tranches and banks’ tranches of the same loans, even though they share the same underlying fundamentals. Increasing demand pressure causes the interest rate on institutional tranches to fall below the interest rate on bank tranches. Overall, a one-standard-deviation reduction in average time-on-the-market decreases the interest rate for institutional loans by over 30 basis points per annum. While this effect is significantly larger for loan tranches bought by collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), it is not fully explained by their role.     

小额信贷:信用卡的生存发展之本

有调查显示,国内兼具信用卡持卡人和网民双重身份者占信用卡客户总数的近60%.尽管存在各种纠纷和安全问题,但在管理部门、商业银行、银行卡组织及第三方支付组织的积极努力下,持卡人对网上支付的信任度和依赖度越来越高.     

On the nature of credit demand and credit rationing in competitive credit markets

Conventional analyses of the credit rationing problem seek to explain that problem within the context of classic demand analysis. In this paper we demonstrate that it is generally inappropriate to apply the notion of classic demand to credit markets, consequently, conventional notions of credit rationing must be rejected. In providing a new definition of credit rationing we also establish the previously rejected characterized by credit rationing.     

信用卡业务发展与管理问题

由美国次贷危机引发的金融风暴席卷全球并蔓延到社会生活的方方面面,给世界经济带来了极大影响.随着这些影响逐渐向信用卡业务领域扩散,美国信用卡的债务问题已引起了人们的广泛关注.