Privatization,regulation and airport pricing: an empirical analysis for Europe

This paper examines factors determining airport charges. Using data for 100 large airports in Europe, we find that they charge higher prices when they move more passengers. Additionally, competition from other transport modes and nearby airports imposes some discipline on the pricing behavior of airports. Low-cost carriers and airlines with a high market share seem to have a stronger countervailing power. We also find that private airports not regulated charge higher prices than public or regulated airports. Finally, the regulation mechanism does not seem to influence substantially the level of airport charges.     

Price-cap regulation of congested airports

This paper investigates price-cap regulation of an airport where the airport facility (e.g. runway) is congested and airlines have market power. We show that when airport congestion is not a major problem, single-till price-cap regulation dominates dual-till price-cap regulation with respect to optimal welfare. Furthermore, we identify situations where dual-till regulation performs better than single-till regulation when there is significant airport congestion. For instance, when the airport can cover the airport costs associated with aeronautical services simply through an efficient aeronautical charge then dual-till regulation yields higher welfare.     

Price-cap Regulation of Airports: Single-till Versus Dual-till

Abstact This paper takes up the debate whether price-cap regulation of airports should take the form of single-till or dual-till regulation. The contribution is to model single- and dual-till regulation, evaluate their welfare implications, and compare them to Ramsey charges. We show that single-till regulation dominates dual-till regulation at non-congested airports with regard to welfare maximization. However, none of them provides an airport with incentives to implement Ramsey charges. A Ramsey optimal price-cap regulation, which achieves this goal, is also presented. Thanks to Kay Mitusch, Pio Baake, and Sascha Lukac for very helpful comments.     

机场环境管制探讨

机场环境管制的重点是噪声和排放物污染。除直接管制外,收费是国外机场环境管制中应用得最多且最有效率的经济管制方式。我国除继续强化已有的直接管制方式外,还可以从收取以保护环境为目的的噪声费和排放物费、限制机场土地的使用、采取国际机场协会提出的短期和长期机场环境保护措施三个方面进一步加强机场环境管制。     

机场博弈与中国起降费规制改革——一个合作博弈论评价

本文通过在机场博弈中使用的合作博弈论中两个成本分摊工具——Shapley值和Owen值，用厦门高崎机场2002至2005年（预计）的全年起降数据，计算了以合作博弈论为基础的机场起降费标准。本文将理论值与中国机场起降费用改革历程中的三个收费标准作出了比较，同时对民航总局提出的起降费上限改革进行了分析，并提出相应的政策建议。另外，本文还对即将在中国各大机场起降的最大型飞机A380的起降费用进行了理论上的估算。     

AIRPORT PRIVATIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION

We provide a simple theoretical model to explain the mechanism whereby the privatization of international airports can improve welfare. The model consists of a downstream (airline) duopoly with two inputs (landings at two airports) and two types of consumers. The airline companies compete internationally. We show that the outcome in which both airports are privatized is always an equilibrium, whereas that in which no airport is privatized is an equilibrium only if the degree of product differentiation is large. We also discuss airport congestion problems within the model framework.     

机场博弈与中国起降费规制改革-一个合作博弈论评价

该文通过在机场博弈中使用的合作博弈论中两个成本分摊工具--SHAPLEY值和OWEN值,用厦门高崎机场2002至2005年(预计)的全年起降数据,计算了以合作博弈论为基础的机场起降费标准.该文将理论值与中国机场起降费用改革历程中的三个收费标准作出了比较,同时对民航总局提出的起降费上限改革进行了分析,并提出相应的政策建议.另外,该文还对即将在中国各大机场起降的最大型飞机A380的起降费用进行了理论上的估算.     

Capture or contract? The early years of electric utility regulation

Jarrell (J Law Econ 21:269?C295, 1978) found that electricity prices fell more slowly in states that adopted state regulation before 1917, suggesting that regulators were ??captured?? by the interests of the regulated electric utilities. An alternative explanation is that state regulation more credibly protected specialized utility assets from regulatory opportunism than did the municipal franchise contracting that preceded it. We test this alternative hypothesis using a panel of data from the U.S. Electrical Censuses of 1902?C1937. We find that the shift from municipal franchise contracting to state regulation was associated with a substantial decrease in investment propensity, an outcome supporting the capture hypothesis.     

中国机场业的动态效率：1998—2008——基于Malmquist指数的分析

本文基于1998-2008年的相关数据,分解和求解了我国样本机场的Malmquist指数,指出我国机场产业的总体运营效率虽有提高但提高幅度不大,大规模的机场投资和高速增长的吞吐量对机场运营效率的贡献不大,机场的公益性特点明显;进一步将样本机场按照省会和非省会城市、机场地理位置以及机场等级划分了不同组别,并对各组别样本机场的Malmquist指数进行分析;认为机场效率的改善,要制定有差异化的产业政策,并从机场企业微观层面出发,实施相应的措施。     

HUB‐AIRPORT COMPETITION: CONNECTING TIME DIFFERENTIATION AND CONCESSION CONSUMPTION*

This paper develops a network model to analyse the economic effects resulting from the non‐price competition between the home country's and neighbouring country's hub‐airports. Focusing on the trade‐off relationship between the length of the connecting time in the hub‐airport and the consumption opportunities of the transfer passengers, we demonstrate theoretically that even though the hub‐airport bears a cost disadvantage over its rival in providing the hub‐airport service, it still has a chance to earn more profits than its rival by the setting of the connecting time. This finding suggests a new methodology for hub‐airports that attempt to alleviate price competition.     

近12年来我国航空客运网络结构演化

选取空港的国内目的港数、国外目的港数、旅客运输量和飞行区等级4个变量,运用R型因子分析方法,对130个国内空港进行类型划分。在此基础上,从空港和航线两个方面探讨近12年来我国航空客运网络的演化规律。结果表明,5种类型的航空港在普遍发展的基础上表现出不同的增长态势,区域枢纽空港和小型空港的增长速度高于平均水平,小型空港的增幅令人瞩目;枢纽空港稳居我国航空客运市场主导地位,中小型空港和小型空港的市场份额非常有限;支线空港—支线空港航线的客运量增长速度高于枢纽空港—支线空港航线和枢纽空港—枢纽空港航线,而航班频率表现出与之相反的变化趋势。最后探讨了我国航空客运网络的发展趋势。     

枢纽机场竞争力评价研究

在对机场运营经济特性进行分析的基础上,界定机场竞争力内涵,针对枢纽机场运营特征建立枢纽机场竞争力评价指标体系,运用多级模糊综合评价方法,收集首都国际机场数据进行实证分析。研究分析结果显示,所建立的枢纽机场竞争力评价指标体系科学合理,多级模糊综合评价方法能够很好地解决评价指标以及评价等级判定的模糊性问题,评价结果能够客观地反映枢纽机场竞争力的总体水平,枢纽机场可以根据评价结果有针对性地进行竞争力的培育与建设工作。     

Valuing Aircraft Noise: Stated Choice Experiments Reflecting Inter-Temporal Noise Changes from Airport Relocation

The relocation of Athens Airport provided a rare experimental context in which residents experienced significant changes in noise levels due to the introduction or removal of aircraft noise. This paper reports the results from surveys around both airport locations, using stated choice experiments to estimate values for aircraft noise. The respondents were offered actual inter-temporal noise change scenarios rather than hypothetical variations, which is uncommon in the literature, incorporating the presence or absence of an airport and other relevant transport attributes that also changed with the airport relocation. Whilst there is some variation in the valuation of the airport closure and opening, when these values are adjusted to reflect the actual change in decibels, there is remarkably little difference between the old and new airports. However, a significant variation in aircraft noise values is identified between different areas, with respect to education and to a lesser extent income. Our preferred estimate of the monthly household willingness to pay for terminating aircraft noise exposure is 13.12€ and for avoiding the onset of aircraft noise is 9.53€.     

广义虚拟经济视角下的民用机场非航空性资源价值

世界先进机场的发展经验表明,机场非航空性资源价值开发已成为衡量机场综合发展水平的重要标准。加大非航空性资源开发力度、提升非航空性资源开发水平已经成为世界机场发展的趋势之一。本文认为,兼顾信息态和物质态价值的广义虚拟经济理论能科学、全面审视非航空性资源价值及其财富本质。本文从实体价值和虚拟价值对机场非航空性资源价值进行了分析,并指出可从"财务"和"体验"两个方面进行非航空性资源虚拟价值创新。当前,机场应以旅客体验为出发点,加快非航空性资源虚拟价值创新,以科学地掌握非航空性资源价值开发规律。     

50多年来中国空港布局演变及其影响因素——基于空间分析和数理统计的方法

随着社会经济蓬勃发展,中国渐渐步入民航大国行列,但很多民航机场亏损的现象并没改变,导致这种现象一个不容忽视的原因就是机场的空间分布与航空运输需求的空间分布之间存在一定的偏差。文章采用空间分析和数理统计相结合的方法,分析中国机场空间发展演变的规律,表明过去50多年中国机场分布密度增大,呈分散趋势,航空网通达性越来越高,但依然存在明显的区域差异。在探讨航空客货运量的空间格局及影响客货需求生成量的基础上,定量分析决定空港空间布局的主要因素,进一步根据中国省域层面航空运输供需分析,提出中国机场未来优化布局建议。     

Lessons from the experience of OECD nations on macroeconomic growth and economic freedom, 2004–2008

This study empirically investigates the impact on per capita real economic growth of each of the ten measures of economic freedom computed annually by the Heritage Foundation. Within the context of the Random Effects Model, panel least squares estimations using a 5-year panel (2004 through 2008) dataset for the OECD nations as a group reveal that the percentage growth rate in the purchasing-power-parity adjusted per capita real GDP for OECD nations was, at the 5?% statistical significance level or better, an increasing function of at least seven of the ten economic freedom measures. The results underscore the critical role that economic freedom plays in a nation??s economic growth and prosperity and the importance of pursuing policies that are consistent with increasing economic freedom.     

Market, civic virtues, and civic bargaining in the medieval and early modern age: some evidence from sixteenth century Italy

In the last decades, historians have shown that the modern market is rooted in the institutional system created in European towns since the middle ages. This approach leads us beyond the usual opposition between market and society or between public and private market. Indeed, in the medieval and early modern age, the market was part of a wider institutional design of civil life, which had a basic conceptual frame of reference in the notion of the common good, a feature typical of such organicistic and hierarchical societies. This paper explores the process of market construction in the medieval and early modern age. I firstly analysed the role of the market in these societies and then focused on the case of foodstuff provision: a key element of the non-written, ancient pact between rulers and people, based on the assurance of subsistence. As a basis for the study, I employed sixteenth century documents regarding Vicenza, a medium-sized town in the Republic of Venice. These show very clearly that, in general, market and price regulation was not the result of arbitrary interventions by public authorities; on the contrary, it was the result of a process of negotiation, which I call civic bargaining. This process involved??to various degrees??public authorities, landowners, merchants and guilds, and the town??s people, the pursuit of the common good being, in practice, a matter of balancing various needs and interests. Present-day economic and social public policies are, in many aspects, an inheritance of the institutional system created in the medieval and early modern age: knowledge of these origins is useful in the present debate regarding economic versus social development, as discussed at the end of the paper.     

Merchant and regulated transmission: theory, evidence and policy

Economists acknowledge the problems of regulated transmission but have different views on the likely efficiency of merchant transmission. This paper first examines the evidence on alleged market failure and regulatory failure as experienced in practice in Australia, where there have been both regulated and merchant interconnectors. Merchant transmission has generally not exhibited the standard examples of market failure but regulated transmission generally has exhibited the standard examples of regulatory failure. Imperfect information??more specifically, in the form of lack of coordination??has often been a challenge whatever the approach. Experience in Argentina suggests that transactions costs are not a barrier to negotiation and efficient investment determined by users. Policy should seek to improve the regulatory framework and to remove barriers to private initiatives. An important role for regulation is to facilitate coordination between potential providers and users of transmission lines.     

不同类型环境规制下中国工业绿色转型问题研究

资源环境约束下,通过环境规制设计来激励绿色技术创新及推动工业绿色转型具有重要意义。但现有研究忽视了不同类型环境规制及不同地区不同类型环境规制的差异性,因而难以提出有针对性和差异化的规制政策,进而难以有效促进工业绿色转型。文章在区分不同类型及不同地区不同类型环境规制的基础上,运用动态面板模型检验了环境规制对工业绿色转型的非线性影响效应。研究结果表明：不同类型环境规制对工业绿色转型的影响存在异质性,命令控制型环境规制的非线性影响效应并不存在,但经济激励型环境规制与自愿意识型环境规制的增强,可明显提高绿色技术创新水平及促进工业绿色转型。东部地区命令控制型环境规制并未对绿色技术创新及工业绿色转型形成有效激励,但经济激励型环境规制与自愿意识型环境规制的正向促进效应明显。中西部地区命令控制型环境规制有着负向影响效应,经济激励型环境规制和自愿意识型环境规制对绿色技术创新和工业绿色转型的激励效应不明显。文章对于不同类型环境规制的衡量有利于未来进一步扩展和细分环境规制的类型,以深入探讨不同类型环境规制的协同效应;研究结论对科学设定环境规制强度和合理选择环境规制形式以激励绿色技术创新及推动工业绿色转型具有启示意义。