公共教育支出结构、人力资本与区域工业劳动生产率

使用2006-2015年我国30个省份(西藏除外)面板数据,检验了公共教育支出结构对工业劳动生产率的经济效应,从人力资本积累的角度识别了各类公共教育支出的影响渠道。研究表明,义务教育支出对工业全行业的增长效应主要表现为直接影响,但会随着人力资本水平的提高削弱其对资本密集型行业的积极影响;中等教育支出主要通过人力资本的中介效应带动全行业的增长;高等教育支出的影响渠道表现在对工业全行业的影响既存在人力资本的中介效应,又存在人力资本的调节效应,但二者作用相反,最终表现为对工业劳动生产率影响的不确定性。建议通过提高高等教育投入的质量、提高高等教育支出效率等政策来促进我国工业的长足发展,避免由于产业升级带来的产业空心化。     

工业集聚与城市劳动生产率的因果关系和决定因素——中国城市的空间计量经济联立方程分析

本文根据集聚经济的微观机制、工业集聚和城市生产率的内生性,以及邻近城市间的外部性构建了空间计量联立方程,并利用2005年数据对地级及以上城市的工业集聚和劳动生产率进行了截面分析。3SLS估计表明我国工业的相对集聚和劳动生产率互为因果、互相强化,工业集聚和生产率在相邻城市间有明显的空间粘滞性和连续性。工业集聚的多变量估计还表明我国城市就业的空间密度过高,其拥挤效应导致生产率降低。本文最后简要讨论了研究结果相关的政策含义。     

资源、制度与研发强度：来自中国民营企业的证据

随着对技术前沿的消化吸收和“刘易斯拐点”的到来,中国企业迫切需要实现从模仿到创新的转变.本文以中国民营企业为研究对象,研究了转型经济中资源、制度与企业研发强度之间的关系.在控制相关变量后,我们发现企业所拥有的资源(如内部知识资源和外部支持)对研发强度有显著正向影响,印证了资源基础观的观点.与此同时,我们发现制度环境的改善并不能显著提高企业的研发强度,制度负向地调节了知识资源和外部支持与研发强度之间的关系.最后,我们讨论了研究结果在转型经济中的理论价值和对企业的实践意义.     

我国电信行业市场竞争、区域差异与生产效率

本文使用数据包络分析方法对2005～2007年国内31个省份的电信行业生产效率进行评价,并建立Tobit回归模型分析市场竞争和区域差异因素对生产效率的影响。研究结果表明:国内电信行业仍处于通过价格战等粗放式经营方式获取规模效率的发展阶段,市场竞争因素仅主要通过规模效率影响总体效率;移动市场方面加强移动市场竞争和移动对固定替代均对生产效率有利,固网市场方面中国网通主导市场的用户生产效率低于中国电信;区域差异因素同时通过技术效率和规模效率影响总体效率,其中东部地区生产效率明显高于西部地区。     

Long and Short Run Determinants of Small and Medium Size Enterprise Share: The Case of Venezuelan Manufacturing

Two recent studies of SME share determination have employed a partial adjustment model which specifies disequilibrium as the sole means of explanation. Contemporaneous information is found to be crucial in both analyses and suggests forward looking behaviour in the equilibrium specification. Time series data available for Venezuela allows the testing of such an equilibrium using the Engle and Granger (1987) error correction methodology. We find that current dated variables are important in the short rather than long run determination of SME shares and that only information known at the time the equilibrium is formed enters the long run component. The primary factors explaining equilibrium share are barriers to entry, factor mix, enterprise modernisation and a new exogenous proxy variable, GDP. The main determinants of short run movements are factor mix and enterprise modernisation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Labor Market Effects from Involuntary Job Losses in Layoffs, Plant Closings: The Role of Human Capital in Facilitating Reemployment and Reduced Wage Losses

Abstract . Wage loss and reemployment following involuntary Job loss are examined, using a nationally representative sample of young men and women in their late twenties. Workers with increased human capital are less likely to suffer wage loss and unemployment after job termination. Workers characterized as having little commitment to the labor market—low skill levels, clerical and sales workers, females, and low contributors to family income—are more likely to suffer unemployment and wage loss after job loss. This suggests that human capital characteristics serve as a signal of desirable, or undesirable, worker traits to a new firm.     

The Effect of Monopoly Power on National Income, Wage Income and Interest Rates

Abstract . That part of business profits due to monopoly power or other forms of imperfect competition is capitalized into stock prices.Common stock is part of gross wealth, and as such provides a store of value for consumers against emergencies. A very simple graphical model is developed to show how interest rates, gross wealth holdings, and holdings of physical capital are jointly determined. In turn the levels of national income, property income, and wage income are determined once the stock of physical capital and the interest rate are known. In essence, capitalized monopoly profits substitute for physical capital, reducing the economy's stock of capital goods. Similar effects are produced by government debt.     

Roles of Public Capital in Pakistan's Economy: Productivity, Investment and Growth Analysis

This study analyzes the role of public capital in Pakistan's economy, tracing the relationship between productivity of public capital and economic growth. We estimate a production function, with public capital as an inputs. The results indicate that the productivity (output elasticity) of aggregate as well as different components of public capital are sufficiently high. We also analyze substitutability and complementarity between public and private capital by estimating investment functions, revealing that public capital has worked as a substitute for private investment. The net effect of public capital on the national economy is analyzed by estimating reduced forms, with the result that public capital has a positive net effect on national product. The growth analysis shows that the contribution of public capital is declining over time.     

Labor and Capital in the Twenty-First Century: Rereading Braverman Today

How has Harry Braverman’s book Labor and Monopoly Capital, published forty years ago, stood the test of time? In this essay I argue that it remains a vital text for understanding the capitalist labor process. But I also address three lacunae in Braverman’s book. First, it overlooked limits to deskilling, such as the challenge of standardizing services; second, Braverman refused to concede that states could provide workers with material welfare, which can protect them from the labor market; and third, Labor and Monopoly Capital’s vision of the future is unnecessarily pessimistic. Standardization and automation can degrade work, but they also generate surplus that can potentially expand human freedom. Braverman’s critical analysis of production begs an equally critical account of exchange and distribution.     

Productivity and Efficiency Measurement in Our “New Economy”: Determinants,Interactions, and Policy Relevance

Interpreting and using productivity and efficiency measures requires establishing the determinants and implications of observed performance. This is not a simple task, however, given the complex interactions among economic entities in modern markets. Identifying and quantifying performance drivers often involves parametric estimation of models with explicit performance factors build into functions representing technology and behavior. Here I overview some such studies in the literature on food system economic performance, to emphasize the potential to empirically represent a more complex web of technological and market phenomena than in standard productivity analyses, to enhance the measures' interpretability and relevance for policy guidance.     

贸易开放、人力资本与中国全要素生产率——基于分位数回归方法的经验研究

基于分位数回归方法,本文重点考察人力资本和贸易开放度对中国全要素生产率的影响.结果表明:[1]从全国范围看,人力资本对全要素生产率增长存在较弱的即期效应,而贸易开放度则表现为滞后效应;[2]这两个因素在各分位点处对全要素生产率增长的影响表现出鲜明的区域差异.只有在东部地区,人力资本对全要素生产率增长的影响才具有较强的即期效应,西部地区贸易开放度对全要素生产率的影响存在滞后性,且滞后期相对较长,而中部地区与全国整体表现较为相似.     

Social Capital in University Business Incubators: dimensions,antecedents and outcomes

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - While many universities around the world have devoted resources to create University Business Incubators (UBIs), the literature has neglected...     

The Facts About Small Business and the Real Values of Its 'Life World': A Social Philosophical Interpretation of This Sector of the Modem Economy

Abstract . According to a line of European social philosophers from Marx to Habermas, the development of society is characterized by a process of rationalization, accompanied by alienation and objectification of labor and human relations, and more generally a degradation of what Jürgen Habermashas called the person's “life world.” But the facts about small and medium sized business, as disclosed by empirical investigation, offer a different picture, one of small and medium size enterprises (SME) with a number of attributes associated with social organization on a small scale, of e.g., personality and independence. These can provide a counterweight to its disadvantages and limitations and therefore can be seen as values from a social philosophical point of view. Economically the same attributes make SME vulnerable to the market power and competition of big business. The new technology offers threats to SME, but also opportunities.     

创业、创造、创新:民营经济永恒的主题

一 时代在变革,历史在前进.这是谁也阻挡不了的. 只要方向正确,大胆地往前走,探索性地往前走,踏踏实实地干, 就是前进.创业、创造、创新,更是前进.不盲从、不迷信,也是前进.敢于突破以往的框框,已有的观念、已有的方法,也是前进.大的改革是前进,小改小革也是前进,改良、改进也是前进.不要只崇拜改革、革命,否定改良.美国制宪历史只有三百年,其制度、体制表面上没有变,但小的改良不断地进行,所以人家一直很稳定.中国革命1949年就胜利了,但这只是前进道路上的第一步,一大步,如果没有1979年以来的改革开放也不行.对历史经验我们完全可以反思,认真地反思,不断地反思.思想解放不是一次性的,总结历史经验也不是一次性的.     

The Non-Profit Sector,Government and Business: Partners in the dance of change - an Irish perspective

The relationship between the Irish non-profit sector and the two other key sectoral actors in Irish society - government and business - forms the focus of this paper. It commences with an overview of the Irish non-profit sector, providing insights into its long rich history and current status. Next, the relationship between non-profits and the public sector is considered, charting the changes which have occured over time. Moving to the corporate sector, the concept of corporate social responsibility is explored briefly and information is provided on the extent of business support for Irish nonprofits. The discussion then broadens to examine the patterns of interaction between these three sectors and explores how their relationship can be enhanced in the future.     

Occupational Differences in the Determination of U.S. Workers'Earnings: Both the Human Capital and the Structured Labor Market Hypotheses Are Useful in Analysis

Abstract . Using the older men's panel of the National Longitudinal Surveys (n = 5,000), path analysis and occupationally stratified samples, an empirical examination is made of the relative role of the human capital hypothesis and the structured labor market hypothesis in the determination of earnings. Results suggest that both hypotheses are useful in achieving an understanding of the process. There is a primary labor market (jobs with high wages, job security and mobility on promotional ladders) with individual productivity differences largely consequent from human capital differentials (investments in education, training and experience). There is also a secondary labor market (jobs with low wages, high turnover poor working conditions) in which human capital investments are not rewarded, dominated by structural influences (e.g. unionization) that, rather than individual productivity differences, explain the process by which earnings are determined.     

Unfinished Business: The Persistence of Child Labor in the US

Among historians it has become customary to acknowledge that children have always worked. That is, before industrialization children worked, but their work was not deemed a social problem. With industrialization, however, child labor came to be condemned as morally repugnant, economically foolhardy, and socially destructive. Reform efforts were mobilized and, after protracted struggle, children were effectively dispelled from the mines, mills, and factories. Problem solved-or at least we wished to think so. Unfortunately, the US accommodation with child labor was incomplete, and so, child labor persists in pockets of American society. In recent years there has been a growing recognition that many children work, and do so at very young ages. Not only have children always worked, but they continue to do so today.This essay assesses residual child labor problems in the US today. It asks why, when the US made its accommodation to child labor in mines, mills, and factories, we failed to adequately address child labor in other sectors, thus paving the way for continued problems in agriculture, street trades, sweatshops, and elsewhere in our economy.     

技术进步偏向、资本效率与劳动收入份额变化

本文构建了一个劳动收入份额相对于资本收入份额变化的新古典经济学理论分析框架,并使用中国1990～2010年的数据进行了实证计量分析.分析结果表明,中国劳动与资本之间的要素替代弹性显著大于0,且显著小于1,并且生产过程中的技术进步是偏向于劳动增强型的,表现为劳动效率持续快速提高,而资本效率则持续下滑,正是偏向劳动增强型技术进步的速率高于资本深化的速率直接导致了劳动收入份额相对于资本收入份额的持续下降.进一步的深入分析则表明,导致资本效率下滑引起劳动收入份额也持续下降的深层次原因则主要是中国企业没能随着市场环境的变化而拓展升级其生产价值链,以致没能实现生产经营方式的转型升级.而政府经济政策偏差形成的银行业高利差导致的扭曲性收入转移、城市房地产价格的持续飙升导致的实体经济企业房地租成本上升,以及政府税收的持续快速增长对实体经济企业收益的挤压,则更进一步加剧了这一趋势.     

Unintended Consequences: the U.S. Postal Service Conundrum of Service,Business, Labor,and Politics

Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal - This paper examines the 2020 turmoil surrounding the U.S. Postal Service—a crisis not seen since roughly 209,000 employees struck its...