审计师选择、留存股权和盈余披露——中国IPO公司价值信号传递机制研究

公司通过权衡信号成本与信息收益,选择一种或多种市场信号,包括审计师选择、留存股权和盈余披露等。各信号间的内生性问题是本文的研究重点。我们以2000—2002年中国155家IPO公司为研究样本,通过构建联立方程系统实证,发现：我国IPO市场审计师选择、盈余预测与留存股权并非替代信号,风险越大公司越倾向保留较低股权;盈利预测对股权留存并没有显著影响;审计收费对公司审计师选择具有显著影响,但审计风险对审计收费的影响并不明显。     

The relationship between venture capital backing and the top management team quality of firms going public and implications for initial public offerings

We make use of hand-collected data on a large sample of entrepreneurial firms going public to analyze the association between venture capital (VC) backing and the top management team (TMT) quality of firms at the time of their initial public offerings (IPOs), and the effect of both VC-backing and TMT quality on the growth in their post-IPO operating performance and IPO firm valuations. We first show that VC-backing is associated with higher TMT quality. We then show that both higher TMT quality and VC-backing lead to higher growth in post-IPO operating performance and higher IPO valuations. We find that the above two variables affect the growth in post-IPO operating performance through an “ability channel,” whereby the TMTs of such firms choose projects with higher equilibrium scale and implement them more ably. Further, TMT quality and VC-backing affect IPO firm valuations not only through the above ability channel, but also through a “certification channel,” whereby higher TMT quality and VC-backing credibly certify intrinsic firm value to the IPO market, thus reducing the extent of asymmetric information facing such firms in the IPO market and yielding these firms higher IPO valuations. Finally, we show that TMT quality and VC-backing act as complements in their effect on IPO firms' growth in post-IPO operating performance.     

基于信息不对称条件下企业IPO筹资成本评价模型

文章采用ARMA模型对信息不对称条件下企业首次上市并融资(IPO)成本进行研究,分析了IPO直接成本和间接成本的影响因素.研究结果表明,仅仅将首日折价率作为间接成本具有较大的局限性,企业IPO成本呈现受多种因素影响的复杂性.     

Firm performance,corporate ownership,and corporate social responsibility disclosure in China

The existing literature provides conflicting results on the association between firm performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure. This paper empirically examines the effect of firm performance on CSR disclosure in terms of disclosure frequency and quality among Chinese listed firms and the possible mediating effect of corporate ownership on the relationship between firm performance and CSR disclosure. Our findings show that better‐performing firms are more likely than worse‐performing ones to disclose CSR information and to produce higher quality CSR reports. In addition, the link between firm performance and CSR disclosure is found to be weaker among state‐owned enterprises compared with non‐state‐owned ones.     

上市公司关于新股发行募集资金使用的信息披露研究

上市公司良好的会计信息披露是资本市场健康运行的重要内容。从募集资金使用的角度对我国上市公司会计信息披露行为进行研究,提出信息披露的三个动机,包括公布好消息、再融资和降低代理成本。对我国股票市场1995～2000年上市的418家A股上市公司进行实证检验,发现以上三个动机对上市公司的会计信息披露行为都有影响,其中再融资动机的影响最为显著。     

我国沪深A股IPO折价问题再研究

通过普通最小二乘法对我国沪深A股IPO折价现象的多元线性回归分析发现,沪深A股IPO的折价程度不断减弱,定价逐渐趋于理性。实证分析中只有网上超额认购倍数、发行日与上市日之间的间隔期和我国在不同的历史时期采取的不同定价发行方式对IPO折价程度具有统计上的显著性。股票发行定价方式的改变是影响我国A股IPO折价程度高的主要原因。     

Alliance portfolios and shareholder value in post-IPO firms: The moderating roles of portfolio structure and firm-level uncertainty

Using longitudinal data for initial public offering (IPO) firms, we examine the role played by structural differences between different types of alliance portfolios in the relationship between IPO firm alliance portfolios and shareholder returns. We show that because of the different signals they send to the capital market, different types of alliance portfolios affect IPO firm performance differently. Namely, financial markets seem to reward firms whose alliance portfolio is diversified across different types of alliances (a portfolio high in functional diversity), but not those who align their alliance partners into multiple functional points in the value chain (a portfolio high in vertical scope). We also examine the signaling role of alliance portfolios under different IPO firm uncertainty conditions. We note that uncertainty about the IPO firm is not limited to pre-IPO quality uncertainty. Investors also face transition uncertainty, post-IPO uncertainty about the ability of the firm to adapt to the new managerial challenges it faces and succeed post-IPO. We find that these two types of uncertainties moderate alliance portfolio effects in different ways. The beneficial effects of alliance portfolios in mitigating liabilities of newness is of greater importance for firms associated with higher quality uncertainty and for those associated with lower transition uncertainty.     

Does corporate hedging affect firm valuation? Evidence from the IPO market

Focusing on the IPO market, we examine the influence of corporate hedging on firm valuation. Consistent with the argument that hedging reduces information asymmetry, we find that hedging IPO firms are associated with lower price revisions and underwriting fees. More important, hedging reduces IPO underpricing, especially for informationally opaque firms. This provides strong evidence that corporate hedging increases firm valuation. We also show that corporate hedging lowers aftermarket idiosyncratic volatility, enhances aftermarket liquidity, and improves the long-term performance of IPO firms. We use both an instrumental variable approach and a regulation change on derivatives supply to address endogeneity concerns.     

企业业绩组合、企业业绩差异与中报披露的时间选择--管理层的组合动机和信息操作行为

本文对中国上市公司中报和年报数据进行假设检验，以考察企业业绩组合、企业业绩差异与中报披露时间选择之间的关系。本文得出的研究结果认为上市公司管理层在中报披露和预约披露中可能存在信息操作，同时由于管理层的组合动机和信息操作行为，扭曲了年报和中报的披露时间安排。本文证实企业业绩组合、企业业绩差异对中报披露的时间选择有显著影响。     

我国证券承销商声誉与IPO企业质量关系的实证分析

本文利用中国证券发行市场上的数据资料检验了我国承销商声誉与IP0企业质量之间的关系，实证分析的结果显示“认证中介理论”和Chemmanur-Fulghieri模型所表明的承销商声誉与IPO企业质量之间正相关的关系在我国证券发行市场中被扭曲，因此投资者通过承销商的声誉等级来区分发行企业质量的信息甄别机制在我国证券发行市场基本上不存在。这种情形致使我国承销商的信息生产功能和“认证中介”职能严重缺位，这是导致我国证券发行市场信息不对称问题严重、投资者“逆向选择行为”普遍、低质量发行企业充斥市场的一个重要原因。本文认为，管理层改变这种状况的政策取向应包括IPO企业筛选机制的市场化、承销服务费用的市场化、推进和完善“保荐人制度”以及促进承销商股权结构多元化和分散化等几个方面的内容。     

从行为金融角度浅析IPO折价交易现象

IPO折价现象是中外证券市场上普遍存在的一种现象。本文着重从行为金融理论的噪声交易者行为假说及自我归因假说分析了了IPO折价的原因,并得出成功的投资者是那些在大多数投资者认识到他们的行为偏差之前采取行动的投资者的结论。     

Early teams: The impact of team demography on VC financing and going public

This study investigates how top management team (TMT) demographic characteristics affect firm outcomes for young high technology firms in Silicon Valley. We study how team composition and turnover shape an entrepreneurial firm's ability to attract venture capital and its ability to successfully complete an initial public offering. We find that broad access to information by virtue of having top management team members that have worked for many different employers (diverse prior company affiliations) and have diverse prior experiences (functional diversity) tend to be associated with positive outcomes. In addition, entrants to and founder exits from the TMT increase the likelihood that a firm achieves an IPO. TMT exits, in turn, reduce the likelihood of achieving an IPO. Results also suggest that prior human capital experience is consistently associated with positive firm outcomes. These findings suggest that team experiences, composition and turnover are all important for bringing new insights to the firm and are associated with the likelihood that an entrepreneurial firm will succeed.     

Organizational Virtue and Stakeholder Interdependence: An Empirical Examination of Financial Intermediaries and IPO Firms

Organizational virtue orientation (OVO), an organizational-level construct, refers to the integrated set of beliefs and values that support ethical character traits and virtuous behaviors. To advance the study of organizational virtue, we examine OVO in firms making their initial public offerings (IPOs), with respect to key external stakeholders that serve as financial intermediaries (i.e., venture capital firms and underwriting banks). Drawing on stakeholder and resource dependence theories, we argue that mutual interdependencies occur between financial intermediaries and IPO firms such that venture capital firms’ ownership levels and underwriter reputation are positively associated with the selection of more virtuous IPO firms. We also argue for the moderating relationship of IPO firm age on these main relationships; since IPO firms have more history and information availability, less importance will be placed on OVO in the selection process. In support of our hypotheses, the results of this study suggest the organizational virtue of IPO firms influences the selection decisions of financial intermediaries by reflecting positively on these key stakeholders to improve legitimacy and reputation.     

Quality disclosure in the presence of strategic consumers

Consider a market for short-life products, such as smartphones, where a firm and consumers have asymmetric quality information, the firm sells products in two periods, and consumers make purchase decisions strategically. We investigate when a firm should disclose quality and the interaction between consumers' strategic behavior and the firm's disclosure behavior. We obtain several findings. First, regardless of whether consumers have low or high patience, the firm should disclose quality information if product quality is high and conceal it if product quality is low. However, for products with moderate quality levels, the firm will disclose more quality information to consumers with relatively high or low patience levels than when consumer patience is moderate. Second, firms will disclose less information when consumers behave strategically than when they are myopic. Third, when concealing quality information is an equilibrium, product prices are affected only by disclosure costs and independent of true product quality. Finally, the firm can benefit from consumers' strategic behavior and a higher disclosure cost, but greater patience might be detrimental to consumer surplus and social welfare.     

An Empirical Study of the Impact of CEO Characteristics on New Firms' Time to IPO*

An initial public offering (IPO) is one of the most critical events in the life of a firm. As the IPO market continues to attract attention from both entrepreneurs and investors, research examining the relationship between the firm's characteristics and its IPO performance is growing. In this paper, we use the upper echelon perspective to empirically examine the relationship between the firm's chief executive officer (CEO) and the firm's time to IPO, a relationship that has so far received little attention. Using data obtained from 237 IPOs in the U.S. software industry, we found that the CEO's prior executive experience, network, and age are significantly related to the new firm's time to IPO. This study extends the understanding of the important role of the CEO in the IPO and provides investors greater insight into those variables that influence the speed with which firms go public.     

Founder management and the market for corporate control for IPO firms: The moderating effect of the power structure of the firm

This study draws on agency and stewardship theory to evaluate the relationship between alternative governance regimes (founder versus non-founder CEO) adopted at the time of going public on post-IPO economic outcomes in the market for corporate control. We find that the presence of founder CEOs reduces the likelihood of post-IPO change of control but enhances target IPO firm wealth by increasing acquisition premiums. Additionally, we examine whether measures of CEO power over the board moderate the relationship between founder management and target IPO firm wealth. Our results suggest that CEO duality is the most effective instrument of CEO power available to founder CEOs to positively influence target firm wealth. Further, we find that while founder CEOs utilize power derived from CEO duality to increase acquisition premiums, non-founder CEOs use board leadership power to expropriate shareholder wealth.     

注册制下我国上市公司信息披露制度的重构与完善

注册制改革把对公司进行价值判断的权利更多地交还投资者，而要避免可能随之而来的“柠檬市场”，则须进一步完善我国的信息披露制度。从信息披露系统内部看，我国资本市场信息尚未实现有效流动，存在“信息堆积”现象；从信息披露系统外部看，机制参与主体单一，对信披质量的监督力量匮乏。重构上市公司信息披露制度，需要进行披露内容形式简明化与有效化改革，完成信息披露由“监管者导向”向“投资者导向”的逻辑转变；同时，有必要引导证监会之外的市场多元主体力量在信息披露机制中发挥更大作用，推动注册制下的中国证券市场持续革新。     

Characteristics of Consumer‐Preferred Labeling Policies: Experimental Evidence from Price and Environmental Disclosure for Deregulated Electricity Services

This study gauges how different information disclosure policies impact consumer understanding, performance, and satisfaction during the choice of a deregulated electricity supplier, and it explores how the market share of each firm responds to different policies in a hypothetical market. Compulsory disclosure of detailed price and environmental attribute information yields high consumer satisfaction and minimizes most types of information processing errors. The implications for disclosure policy and firm‐level market share are discussed.     

The impact of firmspecific capabilities on the amount of capital raised in an initial public offering: Evidence from the biotechnology industry

Going “public” has a magical sound to most entrepreneurial managers. By going public the firm increases its legitimacy in the business community, improves access to debt financing, and creates a means of exit for major shareholders. However, by far the most important reason for going public is to infuse a significant amount of investment capital into the firm. It is well documented that small businesses frequently fail because of insufficient funding and heavy debt loads. Issuing an initial public offering (IPO) allows entrepreneurial firms to overcome these pitfalls. Clearly, if access to capital is the major goal of going public, then the success of an offering is measured by the amount of capital raised by the firm. This study presents a model of the total amount of capital raised by a firm through an IPO. The explanatory variables include several indicators of the scientific capabilities of the firm including the location of the firm, the quality of the research staff, the number of products under development, the number of patents held by the firm, and the firm's prior spending on research and development (R&D). The model is empirically tested on a sample of 92 biotechnology IPOs. The results provide strong support for the hypothesized positive relationship between the total amount of capital raised by a firm's IPO and the scientific capabilities of the firm.Our results have important implications for entrepreneurs. First, an entrepreneur needs to develop and send credible signals indicating the value of the firm's intangible assets to the market. Second, the market values as deep a product pipeline as possible given a firm's resource constraints. Third, choice of location is a key strategic decision that should not be overlooked. Fourth, the market values firm-specific capabilities and will increase the capital it is willing to invest in a firm accordingly. Finally, the amount of capital a firm raises in its IPO can be influenced by entrepreneurial managers' strategic decisions.