经济史学:理论经济学的基础学科

理论出自历史。经济历史出经济理论。经济史与经济理论的有机结合，是当代经济学发展的趋。本文从用于分析经济史学的理论，以及分析经济史实得出的理论概括两个方面，介绍了作者编著《中国近现代经济史》在加强理论分析方面的努力。     

中国经济国民投资率的福利经济学分析

本文首次系统地从福利经济学角度出发,运用前沿计算方法,试图回答中国投资率是否过高这一重要问题。本文首先计算了两个投资率:一是境内投资率;二是国民投资率,即(境内投资+对外投资)/GDP。通过横向的对比,发现无论是境内投资率还是国民投资率,即便考虑高经济增长率,中国经济都远高于世界各国。其次,采用经济增长理论的基准模型,利用中国的参数进行校准,并且进行稳健性检验,运用逆向积分法模拟中国经济福利最大化的投资路径。结果表明,中国经济上世纪90年代平均境内投资率低于福利最大化的投资率6%,国民投资率4%;2002年后,平均境内投资高于福利最大化的投资率5%,国民投资率12%;1990—2008年实际投资相对福利最大化的投资路径总福利损失约为5.9%,相当于每期损失约3.8%的GDP。最后,本文进一步分析,如果适当地降低国民投资率,同时改善投资效率,中国经济的GDP增长率并不会大幅下降。     

Research in Economic Education and the Teaching of Economics

Input cost and output value are depicted in a diagram of vertical slices of the production function surface.     

第三产业的发展:制约我国经济结构升级和运行质量提高的根本性因素

一、根据传统的劳动价值理论，只有被物化的劳动才有价值。所以在过去，以前苏联为代表的社会主义国家认为只有第一、二次产业是生产的，第三产业则是不生产的。重视第一、二次产业的发展，抑制第三产业，致使第三产业发展严重落后于第一、二次产业，是以前苏联为代表的社会主义计划经济的特征。改革前，这些国家的第三产业在国内生产总值中的比例，长期被限制在30％左右。在1952－1987年的36年里，我国第三产业在国内生产总值中的比重只有5年在30％以上。1988年以来的10多年里，按当年价格计算，第三产业在我国国内生产总值中的比例突破了30％；如果以不变价格计算，大多数年份仍然在30％以下。     

On the Relevance of John Rawls's Theory of Justice to Welfare Economics

Mainstream microeconomic theory makes some use of John Rawls's Theory of Justicein discussing welfare economics and social welfare functionals. While various elements of his approach are usually mentioned, his basic point is generally taken to be his difference principle (maximizing the welfare of the worst off individual) applied as a decision principle for evaluating the equity of resource allocation.

To take the difference principle as the essence of Rawls's work is an error. The present paper reviews the basic argument of the Theory of Justice

compares it with the use that economists make of it, and concludes that in a number of quite specific ways Rawls's ideas are misrepresented and misused by mainstream microeconomists.     

基于气候变化脆弱性的适应规划:一个福利经济学分析

气候变化是典型的具有复杂性、长期性和外部性的全球环境问题。气候变化的福利影响及其成本效益评估是适应气候变化的决策基础。本文基于气候变化科学的基本概念和福利经济学理论,构建了柏格森-萨缪尔森社会福利函数,评估了气候变化背景下的社会经济脆弱性与经济福利风险,提出了适用于中国国情的适应规划路径。首先,基于社会福利核心要素的气候变化脆弱性评估结果表明,气候敏感性是影响中国不同地区福利水平和脆弱性的重要因子。其次,依据气候敏感性与适应能力将中国30多个省份划分为三类适应区:发展型适应优先区、增量型适应优先区、发展型与增量型并重地区。第三,采用地区加权方法测算了中国2016—2030年RCP8.5气候变化情景下的气候灾害经济损失及福利风险,提出依据能力原则、需求原则或最脆弱地区优先原则分别由地方政府、部门或中央主导的适应规划设计。     

从福利经济学的角度看生态系统服务功能

生态系统服务功能与人类福利之间存在着密切的联系。深入认识生态系统服务功能与人类福利之间的相互联系与相互作用,对于保护和持续利用生态系统服务功能,提高人类的福利,促进经济社会的可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文基于联合国“新千年生态系统评估”(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,MEA)项目的最新成果．系统分析了生态系统服务的内涵,从福利经济学的角度分析了生态系统服务与人类福利之间的关系,探讨了恢复和提高生态系统服务功能的主要措施。     

Proposed changes to the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare: An application to Belgium

This paper presents the results of a Belgian case study on the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW). The index is first compiled using the standard methodology applied in other international studies. Owing to the short period in which Belgium's ‘traditional’ ISEW has recently declined, it is not possible to draw any solid conclusion regarding Max-Neef's ‘threshold hypothesis’. After a brief review of the criticism that the ISEW has attracted over the years, the paper then explains and discusses the rationale for omitting the ‘net capital growth’ and ‘change in net international investment position’ items. It is argued that these items do not comply with the theoretical foundation underpinning the ISEW. The paper also puts forward new valuation methods for several items within the index: the escalation factor in the valuation of natural capital depletion is dropped, long-term environmental damage is valued using a stock-based approach and considerably more government expenditures are considered to be non-defensive. The results of the ‘revised’ ISEW show significant improvements in sustainable economic welfare over the entire study period. These findings are not in line with the ‘threshold hypothesis’. Finally, the paper offers some guidelines for communicating about the ISEW — namely that (a) all methodological assumptions should be made explicit and (b) all raw (unadjusted) data used should be included in any final ISEW report so as to enable the reader to make his or her own assessment about the assumptions the researcher has employed.     

福利经济学视角下的效率与公平

效率与公平问题是当前社会讨论的热点话题,关于效率与公平的内涵、关系以及组合模式,国内理论界众说纷纭.笔者试从一个新的视角--福利经济学的角度--来重新阐释效率与公平问题.笔者认为:第一,既要重视收入分配公平,又要重视社会公平;第二,实现效率与公平的最优组合需要市场和政府双管齐下;第三,我国当前应实行效率与公平并重的原则.     

The Methodology of Economics and the Survival Principle Revisited and Revised: Some Welfare and Public Policy Implications of Modeling the Economic Agent

In contemporary political economic analyses of development processes, Hernando De Soto's The Mystery of Capital, has been one of the most discussed, albeit controversial, books. Although well received by global development agencies such as the World Bank, a key exponent of De Soto's work, positing that the creation and institutionalisation of individual property in housing and land revives “dead capital” and creates the conditions that will enable the poor to emerge from abject poverty, has been widely criticised. These criticisms show that (1) the thesis is flawed, (2) the flaw is due to implementational problems and (3) the practical implications arising from the thesis are largely neutral and will neither improve nor worsen poverty. Although agreeing with the first criticism, this paper argues that the second critique must be nuanced, and the third is entirely mistaken. Utilising insights from Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Polanyi and Henry George, it makes the case that applying De Soto's ideas through policy would be ineffective in curbing urban poverty, and actually serve to simultaneously entrench and augment it. Moreover, while finding that De Soto's assumption that the poor possess some economic agency is sound and may, indeed, secure socially beneficial outcomes through pursuing innovative and entrepreneurial endeavours, De Soto's conception of such processes remains largely emasculated from broader political economic considerations.     

Welfare Economics with Intransitive Revealed Preferences: A Theory of the Endowment Effect

Economists use the standard rational model to predict behavior after a policy change and to determine the policy's welfare implications. Recent experimental observations are casting doubt on the predictive accuracy of the standard model, but the more realistic behavioral alternatives often provide a poor basis for making normative evaluations. This paper suggests that we can still predict behavior and measure welfare within the same model. We show that optimizing agents with standard preferences will in some cases behave as if they are subject to an endowment effect. Even so, we may still be able to uncover information about their preferences.     

论贸易技术壁垒的性质及其经济效应

贸易技术壁垒本身具有针对性和隐蔽性强、一定的合法性以及影响面广等特点，使得贸易技术壁垒成为国际贸易中使用最广泛、效果最显著的非关税壁垒措施之一。无可争辩的事实是：有些贸易技术壁垒措施具有合理性，也为国际贸易发展创造了新的机遇，但也有一些贸易技术壁垒措施从科学技术、卫生、检疫、安全、环保、产品质量和认证等方面入手，披上合法外衣，灵活多变，使得国外厂商难以应付，实际上已经成为推行新贸易保护主义的手段，从而影响着各国经济政策的制定，因而也就直接或间接地制约着国际贸易的发展速度，并在一定程度上影响着国际贸易的商品结构、地理方向，引起不同国家间、集团问的贸易摩擦和冲突。     

大规模“农转非”的福利经济学分析——以重庆为案例

城市化进程是否纯粹表现为"农转非"的过程或者结果,各方评价不一。该文通过福利经济学的解释,从福利经济学的前提假设、我国社会心理、基层政府行为等多方面阐释"农转非"的经济福利走向和不确定性,提出有针对性的建议,并对福利经济学在中国的机遇与挑战进行简要探讨,使其为我所用。     

开放条件下粮食政策实施的福利经济分析

本文研究目的在于建立一个结合关税配额制度、粮食补贴政策和生态退耕政策的粮食部门均衡模型GSEM,来模拟比较不同政策调整对粮食部门社会福利影响,从而对存在明显目标冲突的粮食政策进行调整优化.研究结论显示,关税配额制度和生态退耕政策会减少粮食部门社会福利,粮食补贴政策可以提高粮食部门福利,能够弥补市场开放对生产者福利损失,其中直接补贴政策中的面积补贴方式最有效率.     

The Committee on Economic Education: Its Effect on the Introductory Course and Women in Economics

The percentage of women economics majors has stagnated for decades. This is creating a bottleneck in the pipeline of female economists. The Committee on Economic Education (CEE) of the American Economic Association (AEA) is charged with fostering economic understanding and effective teaching. An examination of its structure, membership and activities over the past 35 years, however, suggests that it has narrowed the scope of economic ideas presented in introductory economics and has not convinced instructors of the benefits of a more active learning environment. The task of engaging students in the search for greater knowledge has largely been left to heterodox “visionaries,” members of the profession who have tried to find ways to make economics courses more interesting and inviting to all students, and especially to under-represented groups. We conclude that the CEE’s membership and structure contribute to the small percentage of the increasingly female undergraduate population who major in economics.