INTANGIBLE CAPITAL AND U.S. ECONOMIC GROWTH

Published macroeconomic data traditionally exclude most intangible investment from measured GDP. This situation is beginning to change, but our estimates suggest that as much as $800 billion is still excluded from U.S. published data (as of 2003), and that this leads to the exclusion of more than $3 trillion of business intangible capital stock. To assess the importance of this omission, we add intangible capital to the standard sources-of-growth framework used by the BLS, and find that the inclusion of our list of intangible assets makes a significant difference in the observed patterns of U.S. economic growth. The rate of change of output per worker increases more rapidly when intangibles are counted as capital, and capital deepening becomes the unambiguously dominant source of growth in labor productivity. The role of multifactor productivity is correspondingly diminished, and labor's income share is found to have decreased significantly over the last 50 years.     

THE MECHANICS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS*

This study develops a model wherein capital is used in final goods production and research and development (R&D) activities. This arrangement generates changes of the equilibrium capital allocation corresponding to capital endowment, which engenders a regime change from capital based growth with decreasing returns to R&D based perpetual growth. These two growth phases account for the polarization of economies. The model also engenders multiple equilibria on capital allocation—which emerge during the middle stages of capital accumulation—accounting for leapfrogging and the instability of the economic growth of developing countries with medium capital accumulation.     

以外贸为主的外部冲击,竞争与区域经济增长

全球化对于相对封闭的国家和区域而言可视为一种外部冲击，这种冲击会对消费结构、市场、政府及宏观经济产生影响。这种冲击的必要性和可能的效应源于个体效用函数。基于微观假设的多重效应可以在宏观上得以映证。选取外贸及人口密度等指标对中国各省市的实证分析表明，外部冲击的强弱会对经济增长产生不同的影响，而这种冲击的内在机制在于竞争机制。     

UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Review of Explaining Growth: A Global Research Perspective, edited by Gary McMahon and Lyn Squire and Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment: The Collected Essays of Robert J. Gordon by Robert J. Gordon     

外资对我国区域经济增长的影响

本文分析了我国利用外资的基本形势和区域分异,并利用Granger因果性检验法检验了我国各区域外资对区域经济增长的影响,发现外资对我国区域经济增长并没有决定性的影响,而西部地区较之东部沿海地区,外资对区域经济增长有着较为显著的影响。据此,笔者从改革开放后我国区域发展的基本格局和外资的经济影响的角度给予了初步的解释。     

FOREIGN CAPITAL AND EFFICIENCY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This paper uses stochastic frontier methodology to analyse foreign direct investment, imported capital goods and human capital as channels for increased efficiency in less‐developed countries. Empirical investigation reveals that developing countries differ with respect to the efficiency with which they use frontier technology. Foreign direct investment and human capital play a significant and quantitatively important role in explaining these differences.     

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY WITH TWO REGIONS: CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE*

This paper proposes a compact two-region economic model with endogenous capital accumulation. The system produces one industrial commodity and service. Each region consists of one industrial sector and one service sector. The model describes the interaction between capital accumulation, the regional distribution of capital and labour, the division of labour, the capital distribution within each region, land rents, regional service prices and commodity prices over time and space. Accepting some simplifying assumptions, we show a way to integrate economic geography. equilibrium theory and neo-classical growth theory. We analyse how differences in regional resources such as land and amenities and the preference structure of the population may affect the equilibrium structure of economic geography.     

SENIORITY WAGES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH*

Economies that lack well‐developed markets for mobilizing household savings may, in some instances, grow faster than those that are financially more developed, provided that their labour markets are also characterized by seniority rather than spot wages. This occurs because of a Kaldorian redistribution effect in a model where households have finite‐horizons and where older workers, as an endogenous feature, have higher saving rates.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INCREASING HOUSE PRICES

Abstract.  Several cities and countries in Asia and North America have experienced large increases in housing prices. We extend the 1991 paper by S. Rebelo to simulate this situation. We show that growth in real housing prices can result as economic growth persists, even when population growth is zero. Another finding is that reported increases in housing prices might be underestimated. In particular, the growth rate of a relative price index may converge to zero even when house prices in real terms display sustained growth.     

CAPITAL GAINS TAXATION, GROWTH, AND FAIRNESS

The question at the heart of the capital gains tax debate is whether taxing some people at a different rate than others having the same income is appropriate. Those who justify such a preference base their arguments on the concepts of economic efficiency and fairness. However, recent experience with capital gains tax decreases and increases strongly suggests that a change in the current law would yield little or no benefit. The burden of proof should rest on those who would violate the basic principle of equal tax rates on incomes from whatever source.     

1990年以来外资对江苏经济增长的影响

文章分析了1990年以来江苏利用外资的基本形势,利用FDI业绩指数和多元回归模型检验外资对江苏省经济增长的影响,证明外资对江苏经济增长有显著影响。江苏省开放型经济格局为外资流入创造了良好环境,外资流入与经济增长的省内差异显著,从地区结构看,苏南、苏中、苏北的外资与经济增长呈梯度递减,从城乡关系来看,城市,尤其是行政级别较高的地级市是外资和经济增长的主要集中地,再次证明二者之间联系紧密。     

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL TEST SCORES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Hanushek and Kimko's analysis of the relationship between growth and schooling quality, as measured by scores in international tests, suffers from potential endogeneity as schooling quality is not always measured at a date strictly prior to the observed growth. To address this problem we treat the data as a panel, relating growth only to test scores at earlier dates. The estimates of the effect of schooling quality on growth are similar to those obtained from cross‐section regressions.     

TAXATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NEW ZEALAND

Since the Second World War and until recent reforms, New Zealand has suffered from a low rate of economic growth and a high level of taxation. This paper models the relationship between taxation and economic growth and estimates the "optimal"or "growth-maximizing" tax rate. It is found to be about half of the actual tax rate. The marginal cost of taxation in New Zealand is S2.64 for each extra dollar of taxes collected.     

ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND INDUSTRY WAGES

Lucas' model (1988) of external effects of human capital formation is taken as a starting point for looking at the impact of human capital on wages. Even though most empirical tests of New Growth Theory are made using time-series and cross-sections of countries — with good reasons — I suggest a microeconometric approach in order to test Lucas' basic assumption of external effects of human capital. As a first step, internal effects of education are filtered out by using wage functions for individuals in Austria. In the second step, resulting industry wage premiums are regressed on industry-specific characteristics and, above all, on average human capital in the industry to account for external effects of human capital.     

ECONOMIC RENT AND ESTIMATION OF SOVIET GNP GROWTH

The extraction of fuels and metals and production of agricultural goods in the USSR involve increasing marginal cost, which generates economic rent. In computing Soviet GNP accounts, though, the CIA excludes economic rent in measuring value added. The effect is to value output at average, as opposed to marginal, cost. The exclusion of rent understates the shares of fuels, metals, and agriculture in Soviet GNP, which adversely affects the CIA's calculations of Soviet growth. In this paper, the author estimates the economic rent generated by Soviet extraction of fuels and metals and agricultural production. He then uses the estimates to recompute the shares of these sectors in Soviet GNP, and GNP growth. The results suggest that inclusion of economic rent in value added (or alternatively, marginal cost valuation of output) more than doubles the share in GNP of mining (fuels and metals extraction), and increases agriculture's share during the 1980s from 20 percent to about 25 percent. The reestimates of Soviet GNP growth also differ from those of the CIA by 10–30 percent.     

LAND PRICE,COLLATERAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH*

This paper extends Kiyotaki and Moore's (1997 ) to an endogenous growth model and investigates the dynamic properties of a growing economy with binding credit constraint when land is used not only as an input of production but also as collateral. There exists a balanced growth path in an economy with binding credit constraint. In response to a once and for all productivity shock, the developed model shows the propagation mechanism among output, capital, bank credit and the land price in terms of the growth rate. The model's tractability allows us to derive interesting qualitative and quantitative findings on business cycles.     

关于我国中西部地区利用外资的理论依托和战略选择

中西部地区的资金缺口和效率缺口是遏制该地区化资源优势为经济优势的咽喉,因此利用外资积极发展中西部地区不仅与当地的需求吻合,而且顺应目前国家“战略西移”的政策。根据“发展极”理论,中西部地区应立足资源优势,制定合理发展政策,优化引资结构,改善引资环境,借鉴东部沿海地区的引资经验并可与其合作,以实现当地经济的腾飞。