“粮官”沦为阶下囚的启示

简语解释“四大纪律”:领导干部要严格遵守党的政治纪律、组织纪律、经济工作纪律和群众工作纪律。“八项要求”:要坚决做到:(1)要同党中央保持高度一致,不阳奉阴违、自行其是;(2)要遵守民主集中制,不独断专行、软弱放任;(3)要依法行使权力,不滥用职权、玩忽职守;(4)要廉洁奉公,不接受任何影响公正执行公务的利益;(5)要管好配偶、子女和身边工作人员,不允许他们利用本人的影响谋取私利;(6)要公道正派用人,不任人唯亲、营私舞弊;(7)要艰苦奋斗,不奢侈浪费、贪图享受;(8)要务实为民,不弄虚作假、与民争利。“四项改革”:行政审批制度改革、财政管理体制革、投资体制改革和干部人事制度改革。“四项制度”:建设工程招标投标制度、经营性土地使用权出让制度、产权交易制度和政府采购制度。“两个《条例》”:《中国共产党党内监督条例(试行)》、《中国共产党纪律处分条例》     

THE FARM AS A FAMILY BUSINESS: A REVIEW

Although the great majority of UK farms are run as family businesses, the family dimension of these businesses is frequently neglected. There are nevertheless important inferences to be drawn from studying the farm family, its forms and functions, and the way that the family and the business interact. This calls for a multidisciplinary approach and the review attempts to draw together insights from industrial economics, social anthropology, history and rural sociology as they apply to the farm family business. It then relates these insights to considerations of the family development cycle, processes of inheritance and succession, roles of farmers' wives and multiple-job farming families. The literature review points to opposing tendencies within the population of farm businesses. Family forms of organisation and relationships may have become less relevant to farming at the lower end of the size scale but more relevant to the conduct of a successful large farm business.     

A PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF INPUTS IN A PRODUCTION FUNCTION

A production function fitted on data for 232 production regions of the South African Agriculture, yielded negative signs for the land and machinery inputs. The inputs were then transformed into standardised orthogonal variates. A production function was derived from the orthogonal variates by dropping components that contributed little to the resource variation. The t-values in the latter function showed a substantial improvement on that of the first function, and the machinery input turned positive. A component analysis on all the input factors, including farm income, indicates that farmers pay a premium for extensive farming land which is not reflected in their income. This may be attributed to more leisure time enjoyed by livestock farmers, or more satisfaction derived from this type of farming.     

AN EXAMPLE OF A HEURISTIC LEARNER IN A SIMULATION MODEL

This article deals with the use of a heuristic learner in a simulation model. Simulation modes do not lend themselves to optimizing algorithms thus the use of search procedures are very important when employing a similation model. This paper brings together the concepts of probability and entropy in the use of a learner for simulation models. The learner in this study uses past information as its source upon which to base the next economic decision. Once the decision is made then the outcome of that decision is used to direct the learner for the next decision. This type of learning is consistent and useful for experimental design such as simulation.
Cette article concemc ľusage de ľassimilation intellectuelle heuristique dans une modèle de simulation. Les modèles de simulation ne se prêtent pas a ľoptimation des algorithmes, mais ľusage des mèthodes de recherche sont très importante quand il s'agit ďntiliser des modèles. Ce document rassemble les concepts de probabilité et ďintropée dans ľusage de ľassimilation intellectuelle pour des modèles de simulation. Dans cette étude ľassimilation intellectuelle utilise les informations antécédentes comme référence, et on y base les décisions economiques ulterieurs. Ces décisions prises, les résultats serviront à orienter ľassimilation intellectuelle lors des prochaines décisions. Ce type ďassimilation intellectuelle est logique et utile au model expérimental comma celui de la simulation.     

A Comparison of Extra Market Benefit Evaluation Techniques: A Reply

Van Kooten identifies what he considers four "major problems" with our paper. The first has to do in part with the discrepancy between WTP and WTAC. He suggests we misinterpreted Gordon and Knetsch with the sentence, "Economic theory suggests that these two values are estimates of consumer surplus and should be similar" which was taken out of context by Van Kooten. Our reference to Gordon and Knetsch followed the sentence, "Some have stated that this difference is due to an income effect but even this factor fails to provide for the vast difference in these measures (Gordon and Knetsch)." The message in the paragraph (p. 402–403) containing these two sentences is the following: In theory the two measures differ slightly because of differences in income or wealth effects. Yet large empirical differences have been observed and cannot be supported solely on the basis of income and wealth effects. We therefore must take strong exception to Van Kooten's statement that "… it is best to attribute most of the difference between WTP and WTAC to the income effect (Bockstael and McConnel 1 1980, p. 61)." One can find in the literature statements such as the following: "Further, the magnitude of the value at issue should rule out the income or wealth effect as being an adequate explanation of the observed variation between the two measures" (Knetsch and Sinden 1984; see also Bishop et al., 1984).     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF A PILOT SURVEY OF SALT-AFFECTED DAIRY FARMS

A small stratified sample was drawn from irrigated dairy farms judged to exhibit two degrees (high and low) of salting in the soil. Cobb-Douglas production functions were fitted to time series and cross sectional data for each stratum. The results support the conclusion that the data from the two strata can be pooled and that the quality of the soil in this area can be modelled using an analysis of covariance approach. A preliminary confidence interval for the geometric mean of the ratio of the shadow price of water to the price of butterfat for farms in the sample was also calculated. This interval supports the hypothesis that rationed irrigation water is worth more to these farms than the price paid.     

FURTHER TOWARDS A MORE DYNAMIC APPROACH TO FARM PLANNING: A COMMENT

In a recent contribution to the Jounal, Harle (1974) introduces a model of the farm firm based on the achievement of what he calls economic technical eficiency. The approach Is an attempt to reconcile recent interpretations of the farm planning problem with the author's own practical experience in farm management. The nature of the planning problem and the definition of economic technical efficiency are of central importance to the validity and usefulness of the model, and both demand further comment.